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<p>Here, 1. Boaz calls a court immediately. It is probable he was himself one of the elders (or aldermen) of the city; for he was a mighty man of wealth. Perhaps he was father of the city, and sat chief; for he seems here to have gone up to the gate as one having authority, and not as a common person; like Job, <a class="bibleref" title="Job.29.7-Job.29.25" href="/passage/?search=Job.29.7-Job.29.25">Job 29:7-25</a> We cannot suppose him less than a magistrate in his city who was grandson to Nahshon, prince of Judah; and his lying at the end of a heap of corn in the threshing-floor the night before was not at all inconsistent, in those days of plainness, with the honour of his sitting judge in the gate. But why was Boaz so hasty, why so fond of the match? Ruth was not rich, but lived upon alms; not honourable, but a poor stranger. She was never said to be beautiful; if ever she had been so, we may suppose that weeping, and travelling, and gleaning, had withered her lilies and roses. But that which made Boaz in love with her, and solicitous to expedite the affair, was that all her neighbours agreed she was a virtuous woman. This set her price with him <i>far above rubies</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Prov.31.10" href="/passage/?search=Prov.31.10">Prov. 31:10</a>); and therefore he thinks, if by marrying her he might do her a real kindness, he should also do himself a very great kindness. He will therefore bring it to a conclusion immediately. It was not court-day, but he got ten men of the elders of the city to meet him in the town-hall over the gate, where public business used to be transacted, <a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.2" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.2">Ruth 4:2</a>. So many, it is probable, by the custom of the city, made a full court. Boaz, though a judge, would not be judge in his own cause, but desired the concurrence of other elders. Honest intentions dread not a public cognizance. 2. He summons his rival to come and hear the matter that was to be proposed to him (<a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.1" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.1">Ruth 4:1</a>): “<i>Ho, such a one</i>, sit down here.” He called him by his name, no doubt, but the divine historian thought not fit to record it, for, because he refused to raise up the name of the dead, he deserved not to have his name preserved to future ages in this history. Providence favoured Boaz in ordering it so that this kinsman should come by thus opportunely, just when the matter was ready to be proposed to him. Great affairs are sometimes much furthered by small circumstances, which facilitate and expedite them. 3. He proposes to the other kinsman the redemption of Naomi’s land, which, it is probable, had been mortgaged for money to buy bread with when the famine was in the land (<a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.3" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.3">Ruth 4:3</a>): “<i>Naomi has a parcel of land to sell</i>, namely, the equity of the redemption of it out of the hands of the mortgagee, which she is willing to part with;” or, as some think, it was her jointure for her life, and, wanting money, for a small matter she would sell her interest to the heir at law, who was fittest to be the purchaser. This he gives the kinsman legal notice of (<a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.4" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.4">Ruth 4:4</a>), that he might have the refusal of it. Whoever had it must pay for it, and Boaz might have said, “My money is as good as my kinsman’s; if I have a mind to it, why may not I buy it privately, since I had the first proffer of it, and say nothing to my kinsman?” No, Boaz, though fond enough of the purchase, would not do so mean a thing as to take a bargain over another man’s head that was nearer a-kin to it; and we are taught by his example to be not only just and honest, but fair and honourable, in all our dealings, and to do nothing which we are unwilling should see the light, but be above-board. 4. The kinsman seemed forward to redeem the land till he was told that, if he did that, he must marry the widow, and then he flew off. He liked the land well enough, and probably caught at that the more greedily because he hoped that the poor widow being under a necessity of selling he have so much the better bargain: “<i>I will redeem it</i>” (said he) “with all my heart,” thinking it would be a fine addition to his estate, <a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.4" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.4">Ruth 4:4</a>. But Boaz told him there was a young widow in the case, and, if he have the land, he must take her with it, <i>Terra transit cum onere—The estate passes with this incumbrance</i>; either the divine law or the usage of the country would oblige him to it, or Naomi insisted upon it that she would not sell the land but upon this condition, <a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.5" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.5">Ruth 4:5</a>. Some think this does not relate to the law of marrying the brother’s widow (for that seems to oblige only the children of the same father, <a class="bibleref" title="Deut.25.5" href="/passage/?search=Deut.25.5">Deut. 25:5</a>; unless by custom it was afterwards made to extend to the next of kin), but to the law of redemption of inheritances (<a class="bibleref" title="Lev.25.24,Lev.25.25" href="/passage/?search=Lev.25.24,Lev.25.25"><span class="bibleref" title="Lev.25.24">Lev. 25:24</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Lev.25.25">25</span></a>), for it is a <i>goel</i>, a <i>redeemer</i>, that is here enquired for; and if so it was not by the law, but by Naomi’s own resolution, that the purchaser was to marry the widow. However it was, this kinsman, when he heard the conditions of the bargain, refused it (<a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.6" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.6">Ruth 4:6</a>): “<i>I cannot redeem it for myself</i>. I will not meddle with it upon these terms, lest I mar my own inheritance.” The land, he thought, would be an improvement of his inheritance, but not the land with the woman; that would mar it. Perhaps he thought it would be a disparagement to him to marry such a poor widow that had come from a strange country, and almost lived upon alms. He fancied it would be a blemish to his family, it would mar his blood, and disgrace his posterity. Her eminent virtues were not sufficient in his eye to counterbalance this. The Chaldee paraphrase makes his reason for this refusal to be that he had another wife, and, if he should take Ruth, it might occasion strife and contention in his family, which would mar the comfort of his inheritance. Or he thought she might bring him a great many children, and they would all expect shares out of his estate, which would scatter it into too many hands, so that the family would make the less figure. This makes many shy of the great redemption: they are not willing to espouse religion. They have heard well of it, and have nothing to say against it; they will give it their good word, but at the same time they will give their good word with it; they are willing to part with it, and cannot be bound to it, for fear of marring their own inheritance in this world. Heaven they could be glad of, but holiness they can dispense with; it will not agree with the lusts they have already espoused, and therefore, let who will purchase heaven at that rate, they cannot. 5. The right of redemption is fairly resigned to Boaz. If this nameless kinsman lost a good bargain, a good estate, and a good wife too, he may thank himself for not considering it better, and Boaz will thank him for making his way clear to that which he valued and desired above any thing. In those ancient times it was not the usage to pass estates by writings, as afterwards (<a class="bibleref" title="Jer.32.10-Jer.32.12" href="/passage/?search=Jer.32.10-Jer.32.12">Jer. 32:10-12</a>), but by some sign or ceremony, as with us by livery and seisin, as we commonly call it, that is, the delivery of seisin, seisin of a house by giving the key, of land by giving turf and a twig. The ceremony here used was, he that surrendered <i>plucked off his shoe</i> (the Chaldee says it was <i>the glove of his right hand</i>) and gave it to him to whom he made the surrender, intimating thereby that, whatever right he had to tread or go upon the land, he conveyed and transferred it, upon a valuable consideration, to the purchaser: this was a <i>testimony in Israel</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.7" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.7">Ruth 4:7</a>. And it was done in this case, <a class="bibleref" title="Ruth.4.8" href="/passage/?search=Ruth.4.8">Ruth 4:8</a>. If this kinsman had been bound by the law to marry Ruth, and his refusal had been a contempt of that law, Ruth must have <i>plucked off his shoe</i> and <i>spit in his face</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Deut.25.9" href="/passage/?search=Deut.25.9">Deut. 25:9</a>. But, though his relation should in some measure oblige him to the duty, yet the distance of his relation might serve to excuse him from the penalty, or Ruth might very well dispense with it, since his refusal was all she desired from him. But bishop Patrick, and the best interpreters, think this had no relation to that law, and that the drawing off of the shoe was not any disgrace as there, but a confirmation of the surrender, and an evidence that it was not fraudulently nor surreptitiously obtained. Note, Fair and open dealing in all matters of contract and commerce is what all those must make conscience of that would approve themselves Israelites indeed, without guile. How much more honourably and honestly does Boaz come by this purchase than if he had secretly undermined his kinsman, and privately struck up a bargain with Naomi, unknown to him. Honesty will be found the best policy.</p>
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