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<p>The scope of this parable likewise is prefixed to it, and we are told (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.18.9" href="/passage/?search=Luke.18.9">Luke 18:9</a>) who they were whom it was levelled at, and for whom it was calculated. He designed it for the conviction of some who <i>trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others</i>. They were such as had, 1. A great conceit of themselves, and of their own goodness; they thought themselves as holy as they needed to be, and holier than all their neighbours, and such as might serve for examples to them all. But that was not all; 2. They had a confidence in themselves before God, and not only had a high opinion of their own righteousness, but depended upon the merit of it, whenever they addressed God, as their plea: They <i>trusted in themselves as being righteous</i>; they thought they had made God their debtor, and might demand any thing from him; and, 3. They despised others, and looked upon them with contempt, as not worthy to be compared with them. Now Christ by this parable would show such their folly, and that thereby they shut themselves out from acceptance with God. This is called a <i>parable</i>, though there be nothing of similitude in it; but it is rather a description of the different temper and language of those that <i>proudly justify themselves</i>, and those that <i>humbly condemn themselves</i>; and their different standing before God. It is matter of fact every day.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">I. Here are both these addressing themselves to the duty of prayer at the same place and time (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.18.10" href="/passage/?search=Luke.18.10">Luke 18:10</a>): <i>Two men went up into the temple</i> (for the temple stood upon a hill) <i>to pray</i>. It was not the hour of public prayer, but they went thither to offer up their personal devotions, as was usual with good people at that time, when the temple was not only the <i>place</i>, but the <i>medium</i> of worship, and God had promised, in answer to Solomon’s request, that, whatever prayer was made in a right manner <i>in</i> or <i>towards</i> that house, it should <i>therefore</i> the rather be accepted. Christ is our temple, and to him we must have an eye in all our approaches to God. The <i>Pharisees</i> and the <i>publican</i> both went to <i>the temple to pray</i>. Note, Among the worshippers of God, in the visible church, there is a mixture of good and bad, of some that are accepted of God, and some that are not; and so it has been ever since Cain and Abel brought their offering to the same altar. The Pharisee, proud as he was, could not think himself above prayer; nor could the publican, humble as he was, think himself shut out from the benefit of it; but we have reason to think that these went with different views. 1. The Pharisee went <i>to the temple</i> to pray because it was a <i>public</i> place, more public than the corners of the streets, and therefore he should have many eyes upon him, who would applaud his devotion, which perhaps was more than was expected. The character Christ gave of the Pharisees, that <i>all their works they did to be seen of men</i>, gives us occasion for this suspicion. Note, Hypocrites keep up the external performances of religion only to <i>save</i> or <i>gain</i> credit. There are many whom we see <i>every day</i> at the temple, whom, it is to be feared, we shall not see in the great day at Christ’s right hand. 2. The publican went to the temple because it was appointed to be a <i>house of prayer for all people</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Isa.56.7" href="/passage/?search=Isa.56.7">Isa. 56:7</a>. The Pharisee came to the temple upon a <i>compliment</i>, the publican upon business; the Pharisee to make his appearance, the publican to make his request. Now God sees with what disposition and design we come to wait upon him in holy ordinances, and will judge of us accordingly.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">II. Here is the Pharisee’s address to God (for a prayer I cannot call it): He <i>stood</i> and <i>prayed thus with himself</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.18.11,Luke.18.12" href="/passage/?search=Luke.18.11,Luke.18.12"><span class="bibleref" title="Luke.18.11">Luke 18:11</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Luke.18.12">12</span></a>): <i>standing by himself, he prayed thus</i>, so some read it; he was wholly intent upon himself, had nothing in his eye but <i>self</i>, his own praise, and not God’s glory; or, standing in some conspicuous place, where he distinguished himself; or, <i>setting himself</i> with a great deal of state and formality, he prayed thus. Now that which he is here supposed to say is that which shows,</p>
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<p class="tab-1">1. That he <i>trusted to himself that he was righteous</i>. A great many good things he said of himself, which we will suppose to be true. He was free from gross and scandalous sins; he was not an <i>extortioner</i>, not a usurer, not oppressive to debtors or tenants, but fair and kind to all that had dependence upon him. He was not <i>unjust</i> in any of his dealings; he did no man any wrong; he could say, as Samuel, <i>Whose ox or whose ass have I taken</i>? He was <i>no adulterer</i>, but had possessed his vessel in sanctification and honour. Yet this was not all; he <i>fasted twice in the week</i>, as an act partly of temperature, partly of devotion. The Pharisees and their disciples fasted twice a week, Monday and Thursday. Thus he glorified God with his body: yet that was not all; he <i>gave tithes of all that he possessed</i>, according to the law, and so glorified God with his worldly estate. Now all this was very well and commendable. Miserable is the condition of those who come short of the righteousness of this Pharisee: yet he was not accepted; and why was he not? (1.) His giving God thanks for this, though in itself a good thing, yet seems to be a mere formality. He does not say, <i>By the grace of God I am what I am</i>, as Paul did, but turns it off with a slight, <i>God, I thank thee</i>, which is intended but for a plausible introduction to a proud vainglorious ostentation of himself. (2.) He makes his boast of this, and dwells with delight upon this subject, as if all his business to the temple was to tell God Almighty how very good he was; and he is ready to say, with those hypocrites that we read of (<a class="bibleref" title="Isa.58.3" href="/passage/?search=Isa.58.3">Isa. 58:3</a>), <i>Wherefore have we fasted, and thou seest not</i>? (3.) He <i>trusted</i> to it as a righteousness, and not only mentioned it, but pleaded it, as if hereby he had merited at the hands of God, and made him his debtor. (4.) Here is not one word of prayer in all he saith. He went <i>up to the temple to pray</i>, but forgot his errand, was so full of himself and his own goodness that he thought he had need of nothing, no, not of the favour and grace of God, which, it would seem, he did not think worth asking.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">2. That he <i>despised others</i>. (1.) He thought meanly of all mankind but himself: <i>I thank thee that I am not as other men are</i>. He speaks indefinitely, as if he were better than any. We may have reason to thank God that we are not as <i>some men</i> are, that are notoriously wicked and vile; but to speak at random thus, as if <i>we</i> only were good, and all besides us were reprobates, is to judge by wholesale. (2.) He thought meanly in a particular manner of this publican, whom he had left behind, it is probable, in the court of the Gentiles, and whose company he had fallen into as he came to the temple. He knew that he was a publican, and therefore very uncharitably concluded that he was an <i>extortioner, unjust</i>, and all that is naught. Suppose it had been so, and he had known it, what business had he to take notice of it? Could not he <i>say his prayers</i> (and that was all that the Pharisees did) without reproaching his neighbours? Or was this a part of his <i>God, I thank thee</i>? And was he as much pleased with the publican’s badness as with his own goodness? There could not be a plainer evidence, not only of the want of humility and charity, but of reigning pride and malice, than this was.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">III. Here is the publican’s address to God, which was the reverse of the Pharisee’s, as full of <i>humility</i> and <i>humiliation</i> as his was of <i>pride</i> and <i>ostentation</i>; as full of <i>repentance</i> for sin, and <i>desire</i> towards God, as his was of <i>confidence</i> in <i>himself</i> and his own righteousness and sufficiency.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">1. He expressed his repentance and humility in <i>what he did</i>; and his gesture, when he addressed himself to his devotions, was <i>expressive</i> of great seriousness and humility, and the proper clothing of a broken, penitent, and obedient heart. (1.) He <i>stood afar off</i>. The Pharisee <i>stood</i>, but crowded up as high as he could, to the upper end of the court; the publican <i>kept at a distance</i> under a sense of his unworthiness to draw near to God, and perhaps for fear of offending the Pharisee, whom he observed to look scornfully upon him, and of disturbing his devotions. Hereby he owned that God might justly <i>behold him afar off</i>, and send him into a state of eternal distance from him, and that it was a great favour that God was pleased to admit him <i>thus nigh</i>. (2.) He <i>would not lift up so much as his eyes to heaven</i>, much less his <i>hands</i>, as was usual in prayer. He did <i>lift up his heart</i> to God in the heavens, in <i>holy desires</i>, but, through prevailing shame and humiliation, he did not lift up his eyes in <i>holy confidence</i> and <i>courage</i>. His <i>iniquities</i> are <i>gone over his head, as a heavy burden</i>, so that he is <i>not able to look up</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.40.12" href="/passage/?search=Ps.40.12">Ps. 40:12</a>. The dejection of his looks is an indication of the dejection of his mind at the thought of sin. (3.) He <i>smote upon his breast</i>, in a holy indignation at himself for sin: “Thus would I smite this wicked heart of mine, the poisoned fountain out of which flow all the streams of sin, if I could come at it.” The sinner’s heart first smites him in a penitent rebuke, <a class="bibleref" title="2Sam.24.10" href="/passage/?search=2Sam.24.10">2 Sam. 24:10</a>. <i>David’s heart smote him</i>. Sinner, what hast thou done? And then he smites his heart with penitent remorse: <i>O wretched man that I am</i>? Ephraim is said to <i>smite upon his thigh</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Jer.31.19" href="/passage/?search=Jer.31.19">Jer. 31:19</a>. Great mourners are represented <i>tabouring upon their breasts</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Nah.2.7" href="/passage/?search=Nah.2.7">Nah. 2:7</a>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">2. He expressed it <i>in what he said</i>. His prayer was <i>short</i>. Fear and shame hindered him from saying much; sighs and groans swallowed up his words; but what he said was to the purpose: <i>God, be merciful to me a sinner</i>. And blessed be God that we have this prayer upon record as an answered prayer, and that we are sure that he who prayed it went to his house justified; and so shall we, if we pray it, as he did, through Jesus Christ: “<i>God, be merciful to me a sinner</i>; the God of infinite mercy be merciful to me, for, if he be not, I am for ever undone, for ever miserable. God be merciful to me, for I have been cruel to myself.” (1.) He owns himself <i>a sinner</i> by nature, by practice, guilty before God. <i>Behold, I am vile, what shall I answer thee</i>? The Pharisee denies himself to be a <i>sinner</i>; none of his neighbours can charge him, and he sees no reason to charge himself, with any thing amiss; <i>he is clean, he is pure from sin</i>. But the publican gives himself no other character than that of a <i>sinner</i>, a convicted criminal at God’s bar. (2.) He has no dependence but upon the <i>mercy of God</i>, that, and that only, he relies upon. The Pharisee had insisted upon the <i>merit</i> of his fastings and tithes; but the poor publican disclaims all thought of merit, and flies to mercy as his city of refuge, and takes hold of the horn of that altar. “Justice condemns me; nothing will save me but mercy, mercy.” (3.) He earnestly prays for the benefit of that mercy: “<i>O God, be merciful</i>, be <i>propitious, to me</i>; forgive my sins; be reconciled to me; take me into thy favour; receive me graciously; love me freely.” He comes as a beggar for an alms, when he is ready to perish for hunger. Probably he repeated this prayer with renewed affections, and perhaps said more to the same purport, made a particular confession of his sins, and mentioned the particular mercies he wanted, and waited upon God for; but still this was the burden of the song: <i>God, be merciful to me a sinner</i>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">IV. Here is the publican’s <i>acceptance with God</i>. We have seen how differently these two addressed themselves to God; it is now worth while to enquire how they sped. There were those who would cry up the Pharisee, by whom he would go to his house applauded, and who would look with contempt upon this sneaking whining publican. But our Lord Jesus, to whom all hearts are open, all desires known, and from whom no secret is hid, who is perfectly acquainted with all proceedings in the court of heaven, assures us that this poor, penitent, broken-hearted publican <i>went to his house justified, rather than the other</i>. The Pharisee thought that if one of them must be justified, and not the other, certainly it must be he rather than the publican. “No,” saith Christ, “<i>I tell you</i>, I affirm it with the utmost assurance, and declare it to you with the utmost concern, <i>I tell you</i>, it is the publican rather than the Pharisee.” The proud Pharisee goes away, rejected of God; his thanksgivings are so far from being accepted that they are an <i>abomination</i>; he is <i>not justified</i>, his sins are not pardoned, nor is he delivered from condemnation: he is not accepted as righteous in God’s sight, because he is so righteous in his own sight; but the publican, upon this humble address to Heaven, obtains the remission of his sins, and he whom the Pharisee would not set <i>with the dogs of his flock</i> God sets with the <i>children of his family</i>. The reason given for this is because God’s glory is to <i>resist the proud, and give grace to the humble</i>. 1. Proud men, who <i>exalt themselves</i>, are <i>rivals with God</i>, and therefore <i>they shall</i> certainly be <i>abased</i>. God, in his discourse with Job, appeals to this proof that he is God, that he <i>looks upon every one that is proud, and brings him low</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Job.40.12" href="/passage/?search=Job.40.12">Job 40:12</a>. 2. Humble men, who <i>abase themselves</i>, are <i>subject to God</i>, and they shall be <i>exalted</i>. God has preferment in store for those that will take it as a favour, not for those that demand it as a debt. He shall be <i>exalted</i> into the love of God, and communion with him, shall be exalted into a satisfaction in himself, and exalted at last as high as heaven. See how the punishment answers the sin: <i>He that exalteth himself shall be abased</i>. See how the recompence answers the duty: <i>He that humbles himself shall be exalted</i>. See also the power of God’s grace in bringing good out of evil; the publican had been a great sinner, and out of the greatness of his sin was brought the greatness of his repentance; <i>out of the eater came forth meat</i>. See, on the contrary, the power of Satan’s malice in bringing evil out of good. It was good that the Pharisee was no extortioner, nor unjust; but the devil made him proud of this, to his ruin.</p>
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