mh_parser/scraps/Luke_1_5-Luke_1_25.html

<p>The two preceding evangelists had agreed to begin the gospel with the baptism of John and his ministry, which commenced about six months before our Saviour’s public ministry (and now, things being near a crisis, six months was <i>a deal</i> of time, which before was but <i>a little</i>), and therefore this evangelist, designing to give a more particular account than had been given of our Saviour’s conception and birth, determines to do so of John Baptist, who in both was his harbinger and forerunner, the morning-star to the Sun of righteousness. The evangelist determines thus, not only because it is commonly reckoned a satisfaction and entertainment to know something of the original extraction and early days of those who afterwards prove great men, but because in the beginning of these there were many things miraculous, and presages of what they afterwards proved. In these verses our inspired historian begins as early as the conception of John Baptist. Now observe here,</p>
<p class="tab-1">I. The account given of <i>his parents</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.5" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.5">Luke 1:5</a>): They lived <i>in the days of Herod the king</i>, who was a foreigner, and a deputy for the Romans, who had lately made Judea a province of the empire. This is taken notice of to show that the sceptre was quite departed from Judah, and therefore that now was the time for Shiloh to come, according to Jacob’s prophecy, <a class="bibleref" title="Gen.49.10" href="/passage/?search=Gen.49.10">Gen. 49:10</a>. The family of David was now sunk, when it was to rise, and flourish again, in the Messiah. Note, None ought to despair of the reviving and flourishing of religion, even when civil liberties are lost. Israel enslaved, yet then comes the glory of Israel.</p>
<p class="tab-1">Now the father of John Baptist was a priest, a son of Aaron; his name <i>Zacharias</i>. No families in the world were ever so honoured of God as those of Aaron and David; with one was made the covenant of priesthood, with the other that of royalty; they had both forfeited their honour, yet the gospel again puts honour upon both in their latter days, on that of Aaron in John Baptist, on that of David in Christ, and then they were both extinguished and lost. Christ was of David’s house, his forerunner of Aaron’s; for his priestly agency and influence opened the way to his kingly authority and dignity. This Zacharias was <i>of the course of Abia</i>. When in David’s time the family of Aaron was multiplied, he divided them into twenty-four courses, for the more regular performances of their office, that it might never be either <i>neglected</i> for want of hands or <i>engrossed</i> by a few. The eighth of those was that of <i>Abia</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="1Chr.24.10" href="/passage/?search=1Chr.24.10">1 Chron. 24:10</a>), who was descended from Eleazar, Aaron’s eldest son; but Dr. Lightfoot suggests that many of the families of the priests were lost in the captivity, so that after their return they took in those of other families, retaining the names of the heads of the respective courses. The wife of this Zacharias was of the daughters of Aaron too, and her name was <i>Elisabeth</i>, the very same name with <i>Elisheba</i> the wife of Aaron, <a class="bibleref" title="Exod.6.23" href="/passage/?search=Exod.6.23">Exod. 6:23</a>. The priests (Josephus saith) was very careful to marry within their own family, that they might maintain the dignity of the priesthood and keep it without mixture.</p>
<p class="tab-1">Now that which is observed concerning Zacharias and Elisabeth is,</p>
<p class="tab-1">1. That they were a very religious couple (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.6" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.6">Luke 1:6</a>): <i>They were both righteous before God</i>; they were so in his sight whose judgment, we are sure, is <i>according to truth</i>; they were sincerely and really so. They are righteous indeed that are so <i>before God</i>, as Noah in his generation, <a class="bibleref" title="Gen.7.1" href="/passage/?search=Gen.7.1">Gen. 7:1</a>. They <i>approved</i> themselves <i>to him</i>, and he was graciously pleased to accept them. It is a happy thing when those who are joined to each other in marriage are both <i>joined to the Lord</i>; and it is especially requisite that the priests, the Lord’s ministers, should with their yoke-fellows be <i>righteous before God</i>, that they may be <i>examples to the flock</i>, and rejoice their hearts. <i>They walked in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord, blameless</i>. (1.) Their being <i>righteous before God</i> was evidenced by the course and tenour of their conversations; they showed it, not by their talk, but by their <i>works</i>; by the way they walked in and the rule they walked by. (2.) They were <i>of a piece</i> with themselves; for their devotions and their conversations agreed. They walked not only in the <i>ordinances</i> of the Lord, which related to divine worship, but in the <i>commandments</i> of the Lord, which have reference to all the instances of a good conversation, and must be regarded. (3.) They were universal in their obedience; not that they never did in any thing <i>come short</i> of their duty, but it was their constant care and endeavor to <i>come up</i> to it. (4.) Herein, though they were not <i>sinless</i>, yet they were <i>blameless</i>; nobody could charge them with any open scandalous sin; they lived <i>honestly</i> and <i>inoffensively</i>, as ministers and their families are in a special manner concerned to do, that the ministry be not blamed in <i>their</i> blame.</p>
<p class="tab-1">2. That they had been long <i>childless</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.7" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.7">Luke 1:7</a>. Children are a <i>heritage of the Lord</i>. But there are many of his heirs in a married state, that yet are denied this <i>heritage</i>; they are valuable desirable blessings; yet many there are, who are <i>righteous before God</i>, and, if they had children, would bring them up in his fear, who yet are not thus blessed, while the <i>men of this world</i> are <i>full of children</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Ps.17.14" href="/passage/?search=Ps.17.14">Ps. 17:14</a>), <i>and send forth their little ones like a flock</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Job.21.11" href="/passage/?search=Job.21.11">Job 21:11</a>. Elisabeth was <i>barren</i>, and they began to despair of ever having children, for they were both now <i>well stricken in years</i>, when the women that have been most fruitful <i>leave off bearing</i>. Many eminent persons were born of mothers that had been long childless, as Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Samson, Samuel, and so here John Baptist, to make their birth the more remarkable and the blessing of it the more valuable to their parents, and to show that when God keeps his people long waiting for mercy he sometimes is pleased to recompense them for their patience by <i>doubling</i> the worth of it when it comes.</p>
<p class="tab-1">II. The appearing of an angel to his father Zacharias, as he was ministering in the temple, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.8-Luke.1.11" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.8-Luke.1.11">Luke 1:8-11</a>. Zechariah the prophet was the last of the Old Testament that was conversant with angels, and Zacharias the priest the first in the New Testament. Observe,</p>
<p class="tab-1">1. How Zacharias was employed in the service of God (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.8" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.8">Luke 1:8</a>): He <i>executed the priest’s office, before God, in the order of his course</i>; it was his <i>week of waiting</i>, and he was <i>upon duty</i>. Though his family was not built up, or made to grow, yet he made conscience of doing the work of his own place and day. Though we have not <i>desired mercies</i>, yet we must keep close to <i>enjoined services</i>; and, in our diligent and constant attendance on them, we may hope that mercy and comfort will come at last. Now it fell to Zacharias’s lot to burn incense morning and evening for that week of his waiting, as other services fell to other priests <i>by lot</i> likewise. The services were directed by lot, that some might not decline them and others engross them, and that, the <i>disposal of the lot</i> being <i>from the Lord</i>, they might have the satisfaction of a divine call to the work. This was not the high priest burning incense on the day of atonement, as some have fondly imagined, who have thought by that to find out the time of our Saviour’s birth; but it is plain that it was the burning of the daily incense at the <i>altar of incense</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.11" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.11">Luke 1:11</a>), which was <i>in the temple</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.9" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.9">Luke 1:9</a>), not in the most holy place, into which the high priest entered. The Jews say that one and the same priest burned not incense twice in all his days (there were such a multitude of them), at least never more than one week. It is very probable that this was <i>upon the sabbath day</i>, because there was a <i>multitude of people</i> attending (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.10" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.10">Luke 1:10</a>), which ordinarily was not on a week day; and thus God usually puts honour upon <i>his own day</i>. And then if Dr. Lightfoot reckon, with the help of the Jewish calendars, that this course of Abia fell on the seventeenth day of the third month, the month Sivan, answering to part of May and part of June, it is worth observing that the portions of the law and the prophets which were read this day in synagogues were very agreeable to that which was doing in the temple; namely, the law of the Nazarites (<a class="bibleref" title="Num.6.1-Num.6.27" href="/passage/?search=Num.6.1-Num.6.27">Num. 6:1-27</a>), and the conception of Samson, <a class="bibleref" title="Judg.13.1-Judg.13.25" href="/passage/?search=Judg.13.1-Judg.13.25">Jdg. 13:1-25</a></p>
<p class="tab-1">While Zacharias was burning incense in the temple, <i>the whole multitude of the people were praying without</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.10" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.10">Luke 1:10</a>. Dr. Lightfoot says that there were constantly in the temple, at the hour of prayer, the priests of the course that then served, and, if it were the sabbath day, those of that course also that had been in waiting the week before, and the Levites that served under the priests, and the <i>men of the station</i>, as the Rabbin call them, who were the representatives of the people, in putting their hands upon the head of the sacrifices, and many besides, who, moved by devotion, left their employments, for that time, to be present at the service of God; and those would make up <i>a great multitude</i>, especially on sabbaths and feast-days: now these all addressed themselves to their devotions (in mental prayer, for their voice was not heard), when by the tinkling of a bell they had notice that the priest was gone in to burn incense. Now observe here, (1.) That the true Israel of God always were a <i>praying</i> people; and prayer is the great and principal piece of service by which we give honour to God, fetch in favours from him, and keep up our communion with him. (2.) That <i>then</i>, when ritual and ceremonial appointments were in full force, as this of <i>burning incense</i>, yet moral and spiritual duties were required to go along with them, and were principally looked at. David knew that when he was at a distance from the altar his prayer might be heard <i>without incense</i>, for it might be directed before God <i>as incense</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.141.2" href="/passage/?search=Ps.141.2">Ps. 141:2</a>. But, when he was <i>compassing the altar</i>, the incense could not be accepted <i>without prayer</i>, any more than the shell without the kernel. (3.) That is not enough for us to be where God is worshipped, if our hearts do not join in the worship, and go along with the minister, in all the parts of it. If he burn the incense ever so well, in the most pertinent, judicious, lively prayer, if we be not at the same time <i>praying</i> in concurrence with him, what will it avail us? (4.) All the prayers we offer up to God here in his courts are acceptable and successful only in virtue of the incense of Christ’s intercession in the temple of God above. To this usage in the temple-service there seems to be an allusion (<a class="bibleref" title="Rev.8.1,Rev.8.3,Rev.8.4" href="/passage/?search=Rev.8.1,Rev.8.3,Rev.8.4"><span class="bibleref" title="Rev.8.1">Rev. 8:1</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Rev.8.3">3</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Rev.8.4">4</span></a>), where we find that <i>there was silence in heaven</i>, as there was in the temple, <i>for half an hour</i>, while the people were <i>silently</i> lifting up their hearts to God in prayer; and that there was an <i>angel</i>, the angel of the covenant, who offered up <i>much incense with the prayers of all saints before the throne</i>. We cannot expect an interest in Christ’s intercession if we do not <i>pray</i>, and pray <i>with our spirits</i>, and continue instant in prayer. Nor can we expect that the best of our prayers should gain acceptance, and bring in an answer of peace, but through the mediation of Christ, who <i>ever lives, making intercession</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">2. How, when he was thus employed, he was <i>honoured</i> with a messenger, a special messenger sent from heaven to him (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.11" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.11">Luke 1:11</a>): <i>There appeared unto him an angel of the Lord</i>. Some observe, that we never read of an angel appearing in the temple, with a message from God, but only this one to Zacharias, because <i>there</i> God had other ways of making known his mind, as the Urim and Thummim, and by a still small voice from between the cherubim; but the ark and the oracle were wanting in the second temple, and therefore, when an express was to be sent to a priest in the temple, an angel was to be employed in it, and thereby the gospel was to be introduced, for <i>that</i>, as the <i>law</i>, was given at first very much by the <i>ministry of angels</i>, the appearance of which we often read of in the Gospels and the Acts, though the design both of the law and of the gospel, when brought to perfection, was to settle another way of correspondence, more spiritual, between God and man. This angel stood <i>on the right side of the altar of incense</i>, the north side of it, saith Dr. Lightfoot, on Zacharias’s right hand; compare this with <a class="bibleref" title="Zech.3.1" href="/passage/?search=Zech.3.1">Zech. 3:1</a>; where Satan stands at the <i>right hand</i> of Joshua the priest, to <i>resist him</i>; but Zacharias had a good angel standing <i>at his right hand</i>, to encourage him. Some think that this angel appeared coming <i>out of the most holy place</i>, which led him to stand at the right side of the altar.</p>
<p class="tab-1">3. What impression this made upon Zacharias (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.12" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.12">Luke 1:12</a>): <i>When Zacharias saw him</i>, it was a surprise upon him, even to a degree of terror, for he was <i>troubled</i>, and <i>fear fell upon him</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.12" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.12">Luke 1:12</a>. Though he was <i>righteous before God</i>, and <i>blameless</i> in his conversation, yet he could not be without some apprehensions at the sight of one whose visage and surrounding lustre bespoke him more than <i>human</i>. Ever since man sinned, his mind has been unable to bear the glory of such revelations and his conscience afraid of evil tidings brought by them; even Daniel himself could not bear it, <a class="bibleref" title="Dan.10.8" href="/passage/?search=Dan.10.8">Dan. 10:8</a>. And for this reason God chooses to speak to us by men like ourselves, whose <i>terror</i> shall <i>not make us afraid</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">III. The message which the angel had to deliver to him, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.13" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.13">Luke 1:13</a>. He began his message, as angels generally did, with, <i>Fear not</i>. Perhaps it had never been Zacharias’s lot to <i>burn incense</i> before; and, being a very serious conscientious man, we may suppose him full of care to do it <i>well</i>, and perhaps when he saw the angel he was afraid lest he came to rebuke him for some mistake or miscarriage; “No,” saith the angel, “<i>fear not</i>; I have no ill tidings to bring thee from heaven. <i>Fear not</i>, but compose thyself, that thou mayest with a sedate and even spirit receive the message I have to deliver thee.” Let us see what that is.</p>
<p class="tab-1">1. The <i>prayers</i> he has often made shall now receive an <i>answer of peace: Fear not, Zacharias, for thy prayer is heard</i>. (1.) If he means his particular prayer <i>for a son</i> to build up his family, it must be the prayers he had formerly made for that mercy, when he was likely to have children; but we may suppose, now that he and his wife were both <i>well stricken in years</i>, as they had done expecting it, so they had done praying for it: like Moses, it <i>sufficeth them</i>, and they <i>speak no more to God of that matter</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Deut.3.26" href="/passage/?search=Deut.3.26">Deut. 3:26</a>. But God will now, in giving this mercy, look a great way back to the prayers that he had made long since for and with his wife, as Isaac for and with his, <a class="bibleref" title="Gen.25.21" href="/passage/?search=Gen.25.21">Gen. 25:21</a>. Note, Prayers of faith are <i>filed</i> in heaven, and are not <i>forgotten</i>, though the thing prayed for is not presently <i>given</i> in. Prayers made when we were young and coming into the world may be answered when we are old and going out of the world. But, (2.) If he means the prayers he was <i>now making</i>, and offering up with his incense, we may suppose that those were according to the duty of his place, for the Israel of God and their welfare, and the performance of the promises made to them concerning the Messiah and the coming of his kingdom: “This prayer of thine is now <i>heard</i>: for thy wife shall shortly conceive him that is to be the Messiah’s forerunner.” Some of the Jewish writers themselves say that the priest, when he burnt incense, prayed for the <i>salvation of the whole world</i>; and now that prayer shall be heard. Or, (3.) In general, “The prayers thou <i>now</i> makest, and all thy prayers, are accepted of God, and <i>come up for a memorial</i> before him” (as the angel said to Cornelius, when he visited him at prayer, <a class="bibleref" title="Acts.10.30,Acts.10.31" href="/passage/?search=Acts.10.30,Acts.10.31"><span class="bibleref" title="Acts.10.30">Acts 10:30</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Acts.10.31">31</span></a>); “and this shall be the sign that thou are accepted of God, Elisabeth shall <i>bear thee a son</i>.” Note, it is very comfortable to praying people to know that their <i>prayers</i> are <i>heard</i>; and those mercies are doubly sweet that are given in answer to prayer.</p>
<p class="tab-1">2. He shall have a son in his old age, by Elisabeth his wife, who had been long barren, that by his birth, which was <i>next</i> to miraculous, people might be prepared to receive and believe a virgin’s bringing forth of a son, which was <i>perfectly</i> miraculous. He is directed what name to give his son: <i>Call him John</i>, in Hebrew <i>Johanan</i>, a name we often meet in the Old Testament: it signifies <i>gracious</i>. The priests must <i>beseech God that he will be gracious</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Mal.1.9" href="/passage/?search=Mal.1.9">Mal. 1:9</a>), and must so <i>bless the people</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Num.6.25" href="/passage/?search=Num.6.25">Num. 6:25</a>. Zacharias was now praying thus, and the angel tells him that his prayer is heard, and he shall have a son, whom, in token of an answer to his prayer, he shall call <i>Gracious</i>, or, <i>The Lord will be gracious</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Isa.30.18,Isa.30.19" href="/passage/?search=Isa.30.18,Isa.30.19"><span class="bibleref" title="Isa.30.18">Isa. 30:18</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.30.19">19</span></a>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">3. This son shall be the joy of his family and of all his relations, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.14" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.14">Luke 1:14</a>. He shall be another Isaac, thy laughter; and some think that is partly intended in his name, <i>John</i>. He shall be a <i>welcome child</i>. <i>Thou</i> for thy part <i>shall have joy and gladness</i>. Note, Mercies that have been long <i>waited for</i>, when they <i>come at last</i>, are the more acceptable. “He shall be such a son as thou shalt have reason to rejoice in; many parents, if they could foresee what their children will prove, instead of <i>rejoicing</i> at their birth, would wish they had <i>never been</i>; but I will tell thee what thy son will be, and then thou wilt not need to <i>rejoice with trembling</i> at his birth, as the best must do, but mayest rejoice with triumph at it.” Nay, and <i>many shall rejoice at his birth</i>; all the relations of the family will rejoice in it, and all its well-wishers, because it is for the honour and comfort of the family, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.58" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.58">Luke 1:58</a>. All good people will rejoice that such a religious couple as Zacharias and Elisabeth have a son, because they will give him a good education, such as, it may be hoped, will make him a public blessing to his generation. Yea, and perhaps many shall rejoice by an <i>unaccountable instinct</i>, as a presage of the joyous days the gospel will introduce.</p>
<p class="tab-1">4. This son shall be a distinguished <i>favourite of Heaven</i>, and a distinguished <i>blessing to the earth</i>. The honour of having <i>a son</i> is nothing to the honour of having <i>such a son</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">(1.) He shall be <i>great in the sight of the Lord</i>; those are great indeed that are so in God’s sight, not those that are so in the eye of a vain and carnal world. God will <i>set him before his face</i> continually, will employ him in his work and send him on his errands; and that shall make him truly <i>great</i> and honourable. He shall be a <i>prophet</i>, yea <i>more than a prophet</i>, and upon that account as great as any that every were <i>born of women</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Matt.11.11" href="/passage/?search=Matt.11.11">Matt. 11:11</a>. He shall live very much <i>retired</i> from the world, out of men’s sight, and, when he makes a public appearance, it will be very <i>mean</i>; but he shall be <i>much</i>, he shall be <i>great, in the sight of the Lord</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">(2.) He shall be a Nazarite, set apart to God from every thing that is <i>polluting</i>; in token of this, according to the law of Nazariteship, he <i>shall drink neither wine nor strong drink</i>,—or, rather, neither <i>old</i> wine<i>nor new</i>; for most think that the word here translated <i>strong drink</i> signifies some sort of wine, perhaps those that we call <i>made wines</i>, or any thing that is <i>intoxicating</i>. He shall be, as Samson was by the divine precept (<a class="bibleref" title="Judg.13.7" href="/passage/?search=Judg.13.7">Jdg. 13:7</a>), and Samuel by his mother’s vow (<a class="bibleref" title="1Sam.1.11" href="/passage/?search=1Sam.1.11">1 Sam. 1:11</a>), a Nazarite for life. It is spoken of as a great instance of God’s favour to his people that he <i>raised up</i> of <i>their sons for prophets</i>, and their <i>young men for Nazarites</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Amos.2.11" href="/passage/?search=Amos.2.11">Amos 2:11</a>), as if those that were designed for prophets were trained up under the discipline of the Nazarites; Samuel and John Baptist were; which intimates that those that would be <i>eminent</i> servants of God, and employed in <i>eminent</i> services, must learn to live a life of self-denial and mortification, must be dead to the pleasures of sense, and keep their minds from every thing that is darkening and disturbing to them.</p>
<p class="tab-1">(3.) He shall be abundantly fitted and qualified for those great and eminent services to which in due time he shall be called: <i>He shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother’s womb</i>, and as soon as it is possible he shall appear to have been so. Observe, [1.] Those that would be filled with the Holy Ghost must be sober and temperate, and very moderate in the use of wine and strong drink; for <i>that</i> is it that fits him for <i>this</i>. <i>Be not drunk with wine</i>, but <i>be filled with the Spirit</i>, with which that is not consistent, <a class="bibleref" title="Eph.5.18" href="/passage/?search=Eph.5.18">Eph. 5:18</a>. [2.] It is possible that infants may be wrought upon by the <i>Holy Ghost</i>, even from their <i>mother’s womb</i>; for John Baptist even then was <i>filled with the Holy Ghost</i>, who took possession of his heart betimes; and an early specimen was given of it, when he <i>leaped in his mother’s womb for joy</i>, at the approach of the Saviour; and afterwards it appeared very early that he was <i>sanctified</i>. God had promised to <i>pour out his Spirit</i> upon the <i>seed</i> of believers (<a class="bibleref" title="Isa.44.3" href="/passage/?search=Isa.44.3">Isa. 44:3</a>), and their first <i>springing up</i> in a dedication of themselves betimes to God is the fruit of it, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.4,Luke.1.5" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.4,Luke.1.5"><span class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.4">Luke 1:4</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.5">5</span></a>. Who then can forbid water, that they should not be baptized who for aught we know (and we can say no more of the adult, witness Simon Magus) have received the Holy Ghost as well as we, and have the <i>seeds of grace</i> sown in their hearts? <a class="bibleref" title="Acts.10.47" href="/passage/?search=Acts.10.47">Acts 10:47</a>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">(4.) He shall be instrumental for the conversion of many souls to God, and the preparing of them to receive and entertain the gospel of Christ, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.16,Luke.1.17" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.16,Luke.1.17"><span class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.16">Luke 1:16</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.17">17</span></a>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[1.] He shall be sent to the <i>children of Israel</i>, to the nation of the Jews, to whom the Messiah also was <i>first</i> sent, and not to the Gentiles; to the <i>whole</i> nation, and not the family of <i>the priests only</i>, with which, though he was himself of that family, we do not find he had any particular intimacy or influence.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[2.] He shall go before <i>the Lord their God</i>, that is, before the Messiah, whom they must expect to be, not <i>their king</i>, in the sense wherein they commonly take it, a <i>temporal prince</i> to their nation, but <i>their Lord</i> and <i>their God</i>, to rule and defend, and serve them in a <i>spiritual</i> way by his influence on their hearts. Thomas knew this, when he said to Christ, <i>My Lord</i> and <i>my God</i>, better than Nathanael did, when he said, <i>Rabbi, thou are the king of Israel</i>. John shall <i>go before him</i>, a little before him, to give notice of his approach, and to prepare people to receive him.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[3.] He shall go <i>in the spirit and power of Elias</i>. That is, <i>First</i>, He shall be such a man as Elias was, and do such work as Elias did,—shall, like him, preach the necessity of repentance and reformation to a very corrupt and degenerate age,—shall, like him, be bold and zealous in reproving sin and witnessing against it even in the greatest, and be hated and persecuted for it by a Herod and his Herodias, as Elijah was by an Ahab and his Jezebel. He shall be carried on in his work, as Elijah was, by a divine <i>spirit</i> and <i>power</i>, which shall crown his ministry with wonderful success. As Elias went <i>before</i> the <i>writing</i> prophets of the Old Testament, and did as it were <i>usher</i> in that <i>signal</i> period of the Old-Testament dispensation by a little <i>writing</i> of his own (<a class="bibleref" title="2Chr.21.12" href="/passage/?search=2Chr.21.12">2 Chron. 21:12</a>), so John Baptist went before Christ and his apostles, and introduced the gospel dispensation by preaching the substance of the gospel doctrine and duty, <i>Repent, with an eye to the kingdom of heaven</i>. <i>Secondly</i>, He shall be that very person who was prophesied of by Malachi under the name of Elijah (<a class="bibleref" title="Mal.4.5" href="/passage/?search=Mal.4.5">Mal. 4:5</a>), who should be sent <i>before the coming of the day of the Lord</i>. Behold, I <i>send you a prophet, even Elias</i>, not Elias the Tishbite (as the LXX. has corruptly read it, to favour the Jews’ traditions), but a prophet <i>in the spirit and power of Elias</i>, as the angel here expounds it.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[4.] He shall <i>turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God</i>, shall incline their hearts to receive the Messiah, and bid him welcome, by awakening them to a sense of sin and a desire of righteousness. Whatever has a tendency to <i>turn us from iniquity</i>, as John’s preaching and baptism had, will turn us to Christ as <i>our Lord and our God</i>; for those who through grace are wrought upon to shake off the yoke of sin, that is, the dominion of the world and the flesh, will soon be persuaded to take upon them the yoke of the <i>Lord Jesus</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[5.] Hereby he shall <i>turn the hearts of the fathers to the children</i>, that is, of the Jews to the Gentiles; shall help to conquer the rooted prejudices which the Jews have against the Gentiles, which was done by the gospel, as far as it prevailed, and was begun to be done by John Baptist, who came <i>for a witness, that all through him might believe</i>, who baptized and taught Roman soldiers as well as Jewish Pharisees, and who cured the pride and confidence of those Jews who gloried in their having Abraham to their father, and told them that God would <i>out of stones raise up children unto Abraham</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Matt.3.9" href="/passage/?search=Matt.3.9">Matt. 3:9</a>), which would tend to <i>cure</i> their enmity to the Gentiles. Dr. Lightfoot observes, It is the constant usage of the prophets to speak of the church of the Gentiles as children to the Jewish church, <a class="bibleref" title="Isa.54.5,Isa.54.6,Isa.54.13,Isa.60.4,Isa.60.9,Isa.62.5,Isa.66.12" href="/passage/?search=Isa.54.5,Isa.54.6,Isa.54.13,Isa.60.4,Isa.60.9,Isa.62.5,Isa.66.12"><span class="bibleref" title="Isa.54.5">Isa. 54:5</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.54.6">6</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.54.13">13</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.60.4">60:4</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.60.9">9</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.62.5">62:5</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.66.12">66:12</span></a>. When the Jews that embraced the faith of Christ were brought to join in communion with the Gentiles that did so too, then the heart of the fathers was turned to the children. And he shall <i>turn the disobedient to the wisdom of the just</i>, that is, he shall introduce the gospel, by which the Gentiles, who are now <i>disobedient</i>, shall be turned, no so much to their fathers the Jews, but to the faith of Christ, here called the <i>wisdom of the just</i>, in communion with the believing Jews; or thus, He shall <i>turn the hearts of the fathers with the children</i>, that is, the hearts of old and young, shall be instrumental to bring some of every age to be <i>religious</i>, to work a great reformation in the Jewish nation, to bring them <i>off from</i> a ritual traditional religion which that had rested in, and to bring them up to <i>substantial serious</i> godliness: and the effect of this will be, that enmities will be slain and discord made to cease; and they are at variance, being united in his baptism, will be better reconciled one to another. This agrees with the account Josephus gives of John Baptist, <i>Antiq</i>. 18. 117-118. “That he was a good man, and taught the Jews the exercise of virtue, in piety towards God, and righteous towards one another, and that they should convene and knit together in baptism.” And he saith, “The people flocked after him, and were exceedingly delighted in his doctrine.” Thus he turned the hearts of fathers and children to God and to one another, by <i>turning the disobedient to the wisdom of the just</i>. Observe, <i>First</i>, True religion is <i>the wisdom of just men</i>, in distinction from the <i>wisdom of the world</i>. It is both our wisdom and our duty to be religious; there is both equity and prudence in it. <i>Secondly</i>, It is not possible but that those who have been unbelieving and <i>disobedient</i> may be turned to the <i>wisdom of the just</i>; divine grace can conquer the greatest ignorance and prejudice. <i>Thirdly</i>, The great design of the gospel is to bring people <i>home</i> to God, and to bring them nearer to <i>one another</i>; and on this errand John Baptist is sent. In the mention that is <i>twice</i> made of his <i>turning</i> people, there seems to be an allusion to the name of the Tishbite, which is given to Elijah, which, some think, does not denote the country or city he was of, but has an appellative signification, and therefore the render it Elijah the <i>converter</i>, one that was much employed, and very successful, in <i>conversion-work</i>. The Elias of the New Testament is therefore said to <i>turn</i> or <i>convert</i> many to the Lord their God.</p>
<p class="tab-1">[6.] Hereby he shall <i>make ready a people prepared for the Lord</i>, shall dispose the minds of people to receive the doctrine of Christ, that thereby they may be <i>prepared</i> for the comforts of his coming. Note, <i>First</i>, All that are to be <i>devoted</i> to the Lord, and <i>made happy</i> in him, must first be <i>prepared</i> and <i>made ready</i> for him. We must be prepared by grace in this world for the glory in the other, by the terrors of the law for the comforts of the gospel, by the spirit of bondage for the Spirit of adoption. <i>Secondly</i>, Nothing has a more direct tendency to prepare people for Christ than the doctrine of repentance received and submitted to. When sin is thereby made grievous, Christ will become very precious.</p>
<p class="tab-1">IV. Zacharias’s unbelief of the angel’s prediction, and the rebuke he was laid under for that unbelief. He heard all that the angel had to say, and should have bowed his head, and worshipped the Lord, saying, <i>Be it unto thy servant according to the word</i> which thou hast spoken; but it was not so. We are here told,</p>
<p class="tab-1">1. What his unbelief spoke, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.18" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.18">Luke 1:18</a>. He said to the angel, <i>Whereby shall I know this</i>? This was not a humble petition for the confirming of his faith, but a peevish objection against what was said to him as altogether incredible; as if he should say, “I can never be made to believe this.” He could not but perceive that it was <i>an angel</i> that spoke to him; the message delivered, having reference to the Old-Testament prophecies, carried much of its own evidence along with it. There are many instances in the Old Testament of those that had children when they were old, yet he cannot believe that he shall have this child of promise: “<i>For I am an old man</i>, and my wife hath not only been all her days barren, but is now well <i>stricken in years</i>, and not likely ever to have children.” Therefore he must have a <i>sign</i> given him, or he will not believe. Though the appearance of an angel, which had long been disused in the church, was sign enough,—though he had this notice given him in the temple, the place of God’s oracles, where he had reason to think no evil angel would be permitted to come,—though it was given him when he was praying, and burning incense,—and though a firm belief of that great principle of religion that God has an almighty power, and with him <i>nothing is impossible</i>, which we ought not only to <i>know</i>, but to teach others, was enough to silence all objections,—yet, considering his own body and his wife’s too much, unlike a son of Abraham, he <i>staggered at the promise</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Rom.4.19,Rom.4.20" href="/passage/?search=Rom.4.19,Rom.4.20"><span class="bibleref" title="Rom.4.19">Rom. 4:19</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Rom.4.20">20</span></a>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">2. How his unbelief was <i>silenced</i>, and he <i>silenced</i> for it.</p>
<p class="tab-1">(1.) The angel <i>stops his mouth</i>, by <i>asserting</i> his authority. Doth he ask, <i>Whereby shall I know this</i>? Let him know it by this, <i>I am Gabriel</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.19" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.19">Luke 1:19</a>. He puts his name to his prophecy, doth as it were sign it with his own hand, <i>teste meipso—take my word for it</i>. Angels have sometimes refused to tell their names, as to Manoah and his wife; but his angel readily saith, <i>I am Gabriel</i>, which signifies <i>the power of God</i>, or the <i>mighty one of God</i>, intimating that the God who bade him say this was able to make it good. He also makes himself known by this name to put him in mind of the notices of the Messiah’s coming sent to Daniel by the <i>man Gabriel</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Dan.8.16,Dan.9.21" href="/passage/?search=Dan.8.16,Dan.9.21"><span class="bibleref" title="Dan.8.16">Dan. 8:16</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Dan.9.21">9:21</span></a>. “<i>I am the same</i> that was sent then, and am sent now in pursuance of the same intention.” He is Gabriel, who <i>stands in the presence of God</i>, an immediate attendant upon the throne of God. The prime ministers of state in the Persian court are described by this, that they <i>saw the king’s face</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Esth.1.14" href="/passage/?search=Esth.1.14">Est. 1:14</a>. “Though I am now talking with thee here, yet <i>I stand in the presence of God</i>. I know his eye is upon me, and I dare not say any more than I have warrant to say. But I declare <i>I am sent to speak to thee</i>, sent on purpose to <i>show thee these glad tidings</i>, which, being so well worthy of all acceptation, thou oughtest to have received cheerfully.”</p>
<p class="tab-1">(2.) The angel <i>stops his mouth</i> indeed, by <i>exerting his power</i>: “That thou mayest object no more, <i>behold thou shalt be dumb</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.20" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.20">Luke 1:20</a>. If thou wilt have a sign for the support of thy faith, it shall be such a one as shall be also the punishment of thine unbelief; thou <i>shalt not be able to speak till the day that these things shall be performed</i>,” <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.20" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.20">Luke 1:20</a>. Thou shalt be both <i>dumb</i> and <i>deaf</i>; the same word signifies both, and it is plain that he lost his hearing as well as his speech, for his friends <i>made signs</i> to him (<a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.62" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.62">Luke 1:62</a>), as well as he to them, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.22" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.22">Luke 1:22</a>. Now, in striking him dumb, [1.] God dealt <i>justly</i> with him, because he had objected against God’s word. Hence we may take occasion to admire the patience of God and his forbearance toward us, that we, who have often spoken to his dishonour, have not been struck dumb, as Zacharias was, and as we had been if God had dealt with us according to our sins. [2.] God dealt <i>kindly</i> with him, and very tenderly and graciously. For, <i>First</i>, Thus he prevented his speaking any more such distrustful unbelieving words. If he has <i>thought evil</i>, and will not himself <i>lay his hands upon his mouth</i>, nor keep it as with a bridle, God will. It is better not to speak at all than to <i>speak wickedly</i>. <i>Secondly</i>, Thus he <i>confirmed</i> his faith; and, by his being disabled to <i>speak</i>, he is enabled to <i>think</i> the better. If by the rebukes we are under for our sin we be brought to give more credit to the word of God, we have no reason to complain of them. <i>Thirdly</i>, Thus he was kept from divulging the vision, and boasting of it, which otherwise he would have been apt to do, whereas it was designed for the present to be lodged as a secret with him. <i>Fourthly</i>, It was a great mercy that God’s words should be fulfilled in their season, notwithstanding his sinful distrust. The <i>unbelief of man</i> shall not <i>make the promises of God of no effect</i>, they shall be <i>fulfilled in their season</i>, and he shall not be for ever <i>dumb</i>, but only <i>till the day that these things shall be performed</i>, and then thy <i>lips</i> shall be <i>opened</i>, that thy <i>mouth</i> may <i>show forth God’s praise</i>. Thus, though God <i>chastens</i> the <i>iniquity</i> of his people <i>with the rod</i>, yet his <i>loving kindness</i> he <i>will not take away</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">V. The return of Zacharias to the people, and at length to his family, and the conception of this child of promise, the son of his old age.</p>
<p class="tab-1">1. The people staid, expecting Zacharias to come out of the temple, because he was to pronounce the blessing upon them in the name of the Lord; and, though he staid beyond the usual time, yet they did not, as is too common in Christian congregations, hurry away without the blessing, but <i>waited</i> for him, marvelling that he <i>tarried so long in the temple</i>, and afraid let something was amiss, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.21" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.21">Luke 1:21</a>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">2. When he came out, he was <i>speechless</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.22" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.22">Luke 1:22</a>. He was now to have dismissed the congregation with a blessing, but was dumb and not able to do it, that the people may be minded to expect the Messiah, who can <i>command</i> the blessing, who <i>blesseth indeed</i>, and in whom all <i>the nations of the earth are blessed</i>. Aaron’s priesthood is now shortly to be <i>silenced</i> and <i>set aside</i>, to make way for the <i>bringing in</i> of a <i>better hope</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">3. He made a shift to give them to understand that he had <i>seen a vision</i>, by some awful signs he made, for he <i>beckoned to them</i>, and <i>remained speechless</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Luke.1.22" href="/passage/?search=Luke.1.22">Luke 1:22</a>. This represents to us the weakness and deficiency of the Levitical priesthood, in comparison with Christ’s priesthood and the dispensation of the gospel. The Old Testament speaks by signs, gives us some intimations of divine and heavenly things, but <i>imperfect</i> and uncertain; it <i>beckons to us</i>, but <i>remains speechless</i>. It is the gospel that speaks to us articulately, and gives us a clear view of that which the Old Testament was seen <i>through a glass darkly</i>.</p>
<p class="tab-1">4. He staid out the <i>days of his ministration</i>; for, his lot being to <i>burn incense</i>, he could do that, though he was <i>dumb</i> and <i>deaf</i>. When we cannot perform the service of God so well as we would, yet, if we perform it as well as we can, God will accept of us in it.</p>