mh_parser/vol_split/45 - Romans/Chapter 4.xml

<div2 id="Rom.v" n="v" next="Rom.vi" prev="Rom.iv" progress="33.00%" title="Chapter IV">
<h2 id="Rom.v-p0.1">R O M A N S.</h2>
<h3 id="Rom.v-p0.2">CHAP. IV.</h3>
<p class="intro" id="Rom.v-p1">The great gospel doctrine of justification by
faith without the works of the law was so very contrary to the
notions the Jews had learnt from those that sat in Moses' chair,
that it would hardly go down with them; and therefore the apostle
insists very largely upon it, and labours much in the confirmation
and illustration of it. He had before proved it by reason and
argument, now in this chapter he proves it by example, which in
some places serves for confirmation as well as illustration. The
example he pitches upon is that of Abraham, whom he chooses to
mention because the Jews gloried much in their relation to Abraham,
put it in the first rank of their external privileges that they
were Abraham's seed, and truly they had Abraham for their father.
Therefore this instance was likely to be more taking and convincing
to the Jews than any other. His argument stands thus: "All that are
saved are justified in the same way as Abraham was; but Abraham was
justified by faith, and not by works; therefore all that are saved
are so justified;" for it would easily be acknowledged that Abraham
was the father of the faithful. Now this is an argument, not only
<i>à pari</i>—from an equal case, as they say, but <i>à
fortiori</i>—from a stronger case. If Abraham, a man so famous for
works, so eminent in holiness and obedience, was nevertheless
justified by faith only, and not by those works, how much less can
any other, especially any of those that spring from him, and come
so far short of him in works, set up for a justification by their
own works? And it proves likewise, <i>ex abundanti</i>—the more
abundantly, as some observe, that we are not justified, no not by
those good works which flow from faith, as the matter of our
righteousness; for such were Abraham's works, and are we better
than he? The whole chapter is taken up with his discourse upon this
instance, and there is this in it, which hath a particular
reference to the close of the foregoing chapter, where he has
asserted that, in the business of justification, Jews and Gentiles
stand upon the same level. Now in this chapter, with a great deal
of cogency of argument, I. He proves that Abraham was justified not
by works, but by faith, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p1.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.1-Rom.4.8" parsed="|Rom|4|1|4|8" passage="Ro 4:1-8">ver.
1-8</scripRef>. II. He observes when and why he was so justified,
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p1.2" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.9-Rom.4.17" parsed="|Rom|4|9|4|17" passage="Ro 4:9-17">ver. 9-17</scripRef>. III. He
describes and commends that faith of his, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p1.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.17-Rom.4.22" parsed="|Rom|4|17|4|22" passage="Ro 4:17-22">ver. 17-22</scripRef>. IV. He applies all this to us,
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p1.4" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.22-Rom.4.25" parsed="|Rom|4|22|4|25" passage="Ro 4:22-25">ver. 22-25</scripRef>. And, if he
had now been in the school of Tyrannus, he could not have disputed
more argumentatively.</p>
<scripCom id="Rom.v-p1.5" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4" parsed="|Rom|4|0|0|0" passage="Ro 4" type="Commentary"/>
<scripCom id="Rom.v-p1.6" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.1-Rom.4.8" parsed="|Rom|4|1|4|8" passage="Ro 4:1-8" type="Commentary"/><div class="Commentary" id="Bible:Rom.4.1-Rom.4.8">
<h4 id="Rom.v-p1.7">The Case of Abraham. (<span class="smallcaps" id="Rom.v-p1.8">a.
d.</span> 58.)</h4>
<p class="passage" id="Rom.v-p2">1 What shall we say then that Abraham our
father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found?   2 For if
Abraham were justified by works, he hath <i>whereof</i> to glory;
but not before God.   3 For what saith the scripture? Abraham
believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.  
4 Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but
of debt.   5 But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him
that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for
righteousness.   6 Even as David also describeth the
blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness
without works,   7 <i>Saying,</i> Blessed <i>are</i> they
whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.   8
Blessed <i>is</i> the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p3">Here the apostle proves that Abraham was
justified not by works, but by faith. Those that of all men
contended most vigorously for a share in righteousness by the
privileges they enjoyed, and the works they performed, were the
Jews, and therefore he appeals to the case of Abraham their father,
and puts his own name to the relation, being a Hebrew of the
Hebrews: <i>Abraham our father.</i> Now surely his prerogative must
needs be as great as theirs who claim it as his seed according to
the flesh. Now <i>what has he found?</i> All the world is seeking;
but, while the most are wearying themselves for very vanity, none
can be truly reckoned to have found, but those who are justified
before God; and thus Abraham, like a wise merchant, seeking goodly
pearls, found this one pearl of great price. What has he found,
<b><i>kata sarka</i></b>—<i>as pertaining to the flesh,</i> that
is, by circumcision and his external privileges and performances?
These the apostle calls <i>flesh,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p3.1" osisRef="Bible:Phil.3.3" parsed="|Phil|3|3|0|0" passage="Php 3:3">Phil. iii. 3</scripRef>. Now what did he get by these?
Was he justified by them? Was it the merit of his works that
recommended him to God's acceptance? No, by no means, which he
proves by several arguments.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p4">I. If he had been justified by works, room
would have been left for boasting, which must for ever be excluded.
If so, <i>he hath whereof to glory</i> (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p4.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.2" parsed="|Rom|4|2|0|0" passage="Ro 4:2"><i>v.</i> 2</scripRef>), which is not to be allowed.
"But," might the Jews say, "was not his name made great (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p4.2" osisRef="Bible:Gen.12.2" parsed="|Gen|12|2|0|0" passage="Ge 12:2">Gen. xii. 2</scripRef>), and then might not he
glory?" Yes, but not before God; he might deserve well of men, but
he could never merit of God. Paul himself had <i>whereof to glory
before men,</i> and we have him sometimes glorying in it, yet with
humility; but nothing to glory in before God, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p4.3" osisRef="Bible:1Cor.4.4 Bible:Phil.3.8-Phil.3.9" parsed="|1Cor|4|4|0|0;|Phil|3|8|3|9" passage="1Co 4:4,Php 3:8,9">1 Cor. iv. 4; Phil. iii. 8, 9</scripRef>. So
Abraham. Observe, He takes it for granted that man must not pretend
to glory in any thing before God; no, not Abraham, as great and as
good a man as he was; and therefore he fetches an argument from it:
it would be absurd for him <i>that glorieth to glory in any but the
Lord.</i></p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p5">II. It is expressly said that Abraham's
faith was counted to him for righteousness. <i>What saith the
scripture?</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p5.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.3" parsed="|Rom|4|3|0|0" passage="Ro 4:3"><i>v.</i> 3</scripRef>.
In all controversies in religion this must be our question, <i>What
saith the scripture?</i> It is not what this great man, and the
other good man, say, but What saith the scripture? Ask counsel at
this Abel, and so end the matter, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p5.2" osisRef="Bible:2Sam.2.18" parsed="|2Sam|2|18|0|0" passage="2Sa 2:18">2
Sam. ii. 18</scripRef>. <i>To the law, and to the testimony</i>
(<scripRef id="Rom.v-p5.3" osisRef="Bible:Isa.8.20" parsed="|Isa|8|20|0|0" passage="Isa 8:20">Isa. viii. 20</scripRef>), thither is
the last appeal. Now the scripture saith that <i>Abraham believed,
and this was counted to him for righteousness</i> (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p5.4" osisRef="Bible:Gen.15.6" parsed="|Gen|15|6|0|0" passage="Ge 15:6">Gen. xv. 6</scripRef>); therefore he had not
whereof to glory before God, it being purely of free grace that it
was so imputed, and having not in itself any of the formal nature
of a righteousness, further than as God himself was graciously
pleased so to count it to him. It is mentioned in Genesis, upon
occasion of a very signal and remarkable act of faith concerning
the promised seed, and is the more observable in that it followed
upon a grievous conflict he had had with unbelief; his faith was
now a victorious faith, newly returned from the battle. It is not
the perfect faith that is required to justification (there may be
acceptable faith where there are remainders of unbelief), but the
prevailing faith, the faith that has the upper hand of
unbelief.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p6">III. If he had been justified by faith, the
reward would have been <i>of debt, and not of grace,</i> which is
not to be imagined. This is his argument (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p6.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.4-Rom.4.5" parsed="|Rom|4|4|4|5" passage="Ro 4:4,5"><i>v.</i> 4, 5</scripRef>): Abraham's reward was God
himself; so he had told him but just before (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p6.2" osisRef="Bible:Gen.15.1" parsed="|Gen|15|1|0|0" passage="Ge 15:1">Gen. xv. 1</scripRef>), <i>I am thy exceeding great
reward.</i> Now, if Abraham had merited this by the perfection of
his obedience, it had not been an act of grace in God, but Abraham
might have demanded it with as much confidence as ever any labourer
in the vineyard demanded the penny he had earned. But this cannot
be; it is impossible for man, much more guilty man, to make God a
debtor to him, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p6.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.11.35" parsed="|Rom|11|35|0|0" passage="Ro 11:35">Rom. xi. 35</scripRef>.
No, God will have free grace to have all the glory, grace for
grace's sake, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p6.4" osisRef="Bible:John.1.16" parsed="|John|1|16|0|0" passage="Joh 1:16">John i. 16</scripRef>.
And therefore <i>to him that worketh not</i>—that can pretend to
no such merit, nor show any worth or value in his work, which may
answer such a reward, but disclaiming any such pretension casts
himself wholly upon the free grace of God in Christ, by a lively,
active, obedient faith—to such a one <i>faith is counted for
righteousness,</i> is accepted of God as the qualification required
in all those that shall be pardoned and saved. <i>Him that
justifieth the ungodly,</i> that is, him that was before ungodly.
His former ungodliness was no bar to his justification upon his
believing: <b><i>ton asebe</i></b>—<i>that ungodly one,</i> that
is, Abraham, who, before his conversion, it should seem, was
carried down the stream of the Chaldean idolatry, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p6.5" osisRef="Bible:Josh.24.2" parsed="|Josh|24|2|0|0" passage="Jos 24:2">Josh. xxiv. 2</scripRef>. No room therefore is
left for despair; though God clears not the impenitent guilty, yet
through Christ he justifies the ungodly.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p7">IV. He further illustrates this by a
passage out of the Psalms, where David speaks of the remission of
sins, the prime branch of justification, as constituting the
happiness and blessedness of a man, pronouncing blessed, not the
man who has no sin, or none which deserved death (for then, while
man is so sinful, and God so righteous, where would be the blessed
man?) but <i>the man to whom the Lord imputeth not sin,</i> who
though he cannot plead, Not guilty, pleads the act of indemnity,
and his plea is allowed. It is quoted from <scripRef id="Rom.v-p7.1" osisRef="Bible:Ps.32.1-Ps.32.2" parsed="|Ps|32|1|32|2" passage="Ps 32:1,2">Ps. xxxii. 1, 2</scripRef>, where observe, 1. The
nature of forgiveness. It is the remission of a debt or a crime; it
is the covering of sin, as a filthy thing, as the nakedness and
shame of the soul. God is said <i>to cast sin behind his back, to
hide his face from it,</i> which, and the like expressions, imply
that the ground of our blessedness is not our innocency, or our not
having sinned (a thing is, and is filthy, though covered;
justification does not make the sin not to have been, or not to
have been sin), but God's not laying it to our charge, as it
follows here: it is God's <i>not imputing sin</i> (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p7.2" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.8" parsed="|Rom|4|8|0|0" passage="Ro 4:8"><i>v.</i> 8</scripRef>), which makes it wholly a
gracious act of God, not dealing with us in strict justice as we
have deserved, not entering into judgment, not marking iniquities,
all which being purely acts of grace, the acceptance and the reward
cannot be expected as debts; and therefore Paul infers (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p7.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.6" parsed="|Rom|4|6|0|0" passage="Ro 4:6"><i>v.</i> 6</scripRef>) that it is the imputing of
righteousness without works. 2. The blessedness of it: <i>Blessed
are they.</i> When it is said, <i>Blessed are the undefiled in the
way, blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the
wicked,</i> &amp;c., the design is to show the characters of those
that are blessed; but when it is said, <i>Blessed are those whose
iniquities are forgiven,</i> the design is to show what that
blessedness is, and what the ground and foundation of it. Pardoned
people are the only blessed people. The sentiments of the world
are, Those are happy that have a clear estate, and are out of debt
to man; but the sentence of the word is, Those are happy that have
their debts to God discharged. O how much therefore is it our
interest to make it sure to ourselves that our sins are pardoned!
For this is the foundation of all other benefits. So and so I will
do for them; for I will be merciful, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p7.4" osisRef="Bible:Heb.8.12" parsed="|Heb|8|12|0|0" passage="Heb 8:12">Heb. viii. 12</scripRef>.</p>
</div><scripCom id="Rom.v-p7.5" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.9-Rom.4.17" parsed="|Rom|4|9|4|17" passage="Ro 4:9-17" type="Commentary"/><div class="Commentary" id="Bible:Rom.4.9-Rom.4.17">
<h4 id="Rom.v-p7.6">The Case of Abraham. (<span class="smallcaps" id="Rom.v-p7.7">a.
d.</span> 58.)</h4>
<p class="passage" id="Rom.v-p8">9 <i>Cometh</i> this blessedness then upon the
circumcision <i>only,</i> or upon the uncircumcision also? for we
say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.   10
How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in
uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.  
11 And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the
righteousness of the faith which <i>he had yet</i> being
uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that
believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might
be imputed unto them also:   12 And the father of circumcision
to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in
the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which <i>he had</i>
being <i>yet</i> uncircumcised.   13 For the promise, that he
should be the heir of the world, <i>was</i> not to Abraham, or to
his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.
  14 For if they which are of the law <i>be</i> heirs, faith
is made void, and the promise made of none effect:   15
Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, <i>there is</i>
no transgression.   16 Therefore <i>it is</i> of faith, that
<i>it might be</i> by grace; to the end the promise might be sure
to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that
also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all,
  17a (As it is written, I have made thee a father of many
nations,)</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p9">St. Paul observes in this paragraph when
and why Abraham was thus justified; for he has several things to
remark upon that. It was before he was circumcised, and before the
giving of the law; and there was a reason for both.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p10">I. It was before he was circumcised,
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p10.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.10" parsed="|Rom|4|10|0|0" passage="Ro 4:10"><i>v.</i> 10</scripRef>. His faith was
counted to him for righteousness while he was in uncircumcision. It
was imputed, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p10.2" osisRef="Bible:Gen.15.6" parsed="|Gen|15|6|0|0" passage="Ge 15:6">Gen. xv. 6</scripRef>, and
he was not circumcised till <scripRef id="Rom.v-p10.3" osisRef="Bible:Gen.17.1-Gen.17.27" parsed="|Gen|17|1|17|27" passage="Ge 17:1-27"><i>ch.</i> xvii.</scripRef>. Abraham is expressly said
to be justified by faith <i>fourteen years,</i> some say
<i>twenty-five years, before he was circumcised.</i> Now this the
apostle takes notice of in answer to the question (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p10.4" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.9" parsed="|Rom|4|9|0|0" passage="Ro 4:9"><i>v.</i> 9</scripRef>), <i>Cometh this
blessedness then on the circumcision only, or on the uncircumcision
also?</i> Abraham was pardoned and accepted in uncircumcision, a
circumstance which, as it might silence the fears of the poor
uncircumcised Gentiles, so it might lower the pride and
conceitedness of the Jews, who gloried in their circumcision, as if
they had the monopoly of all happiness. Here are two reasons why
Abraham was justified by faith in uncircumcision:—</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p11">1. That circumcision might be <i>a seal of
the righteousness of faith,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p11.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.11" parsed="|Rom|4|11|0|0" passage="Ro 4:11"><i>v.</i> 11</scripRef>. The tenour of the covenants must
first be settled before the seal can be annexed. Sealing supposes a
previous bargain, which is confirmed and ratified by that ceremony.
After Abraham's justification by faith had continued several years
only a grant by parole, for the confirmation of Abraham's faith God
was pleased to appoint a sealing ordinance, and Abraham received
it; though it was a bloody ordinance, yet he submitted to it, and
even received it as a special favour, <i>the sign of
circumcision,</i> &amp;c. Now we may hence observe, (1.) The nature
of sacraments in general: they are signs and seals—signs to
represent and instruct, seals to ratify and confirm. They are signs
of absolute grace and favour; they are seals of the conditional
promises; nay, they are mutual seals: God does in the sacraments
seal to us to be to us a God, and we do therein seal to him to be
to him a people. (2.) The nature of circumcision in particular: it
was the initiating sacrament of the Old Testament; and it is here
said to be, [1.] <i>A sign</i>—a sign of that original corruption
which we are all born with, and which is cut off by spiritual
circumcision,—a commemorating sign of God's covenant with
Abraham,—a distinguishing sign between Jews and Gentiles,—a sign
of admission into the visible church,—a sign prefiguring baptism,
which comes in the room of circumcision, now under the gospel, when
(the blood of Christ being shed) all bloody ordinances are
abolished; it was <i>an outward and sensible sign of an inward and
spiritual grace signified thereby.</i> [2.] <i>A seal of the
righteousness of the faith.</i> In general, it was a seal of the
covenant of grace, particularly of justification by faith—the
covenant of grace, called <i>the righteousness which is of
faith</i> (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p11.2" osisRef="Bible:Rom.10.6" parsed="|Rom|10|6|0|0" passage="Ro 10:6"><i>ch.</i> x. 6</scripRef>),
and it refers to an Old-Testament promise, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p11.3" osisRef="Bible:Deut.30.12" parsed="|Deut|30|12|0|0" passage="De 30:12">Deut. xxx. 12</scripRef>. Now if infants were then
capable of receiving a seal of the covenant of grace, which proves
that they then were within the verge of that covenant, how they
come to be now cast out of the covenant and incapable of the seal,
and by what severe sentence they were thus rejected and
incapacitated, those are concerned to make out that not only
reject, but nullify and reproach, the baptism of the seed of
believers.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p12">2. <i>That he might be the father of all
those that believe.</i> Not but that there were those that were
justified by faith before Abraham; but of Abraham first it is
particularly observed, and in him commenced a much clearer and
fuller dispensation of the covenant of grace than any that had been
before extant; and there he is called <i>the father of all that
believe,</i> because he was so eminent a believer, and so eminently
justified by faith, as Jabal was the father of shepherds and Jubal
of musicians, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p12.1" osisRef="Bible:Gen.4.20-Gen.4.21" parsed="|Gen|4|20|4|21" passage="Ge 4:20,21">Gen. iv. 20,
21</scripRef>. <i>The father of all those that believe;</i> that
is, a standing <i>pattern of faith,</i> as parents are examples to
their children; and a standing precedent of justification by faith,
as the liberties, privileges, honours, and estates, of the fathers
descend to their children. Abraham was the father of believers,
because to him particularly the <i>magna charta</i> was renewed.
(1.) The father of believing Gentiles, <i>though they be not
circumcised.</i> Zaccheus, a publican, if he believe, is reckoned a
son of Abraham, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p12.2" osisRef="Bible:Luke.19.9" parsed="|Luke|19|9|0|0" passage="Lu 19:9">Luke xix. 9</scripRef>.
Abraham being himself uncircumcised when he was justified by faith,
uncircumcision can never be a bar. Thus were the doubts and fears
of the poor Gentiles anticipated and no room left to question but
that righteousness might be imputed to them also, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p12.3" osisRef="Bible:Col.3.11 Bible:Gal.5.6" parsed="|Col|3|11|0|0;|Gal|5|6|0|0" passage="Col 3:11,Ga 5:6">Col. iii. 11; Gal. v. 6</scripRef>. (2.)
The father of believing Jews, not merely as circumcised, and of the
seed of Abraham according to the flesh, but because believers,
because they <i>are not of the circumcision only</i> (that is, are
not only circumcised), <i>but walk in the steps of that
faith</i>—have not only the sign, but the thing signified—not
only are of Abraham's family, but follow the example of Abraham's
faith. See here who are the genuine children and lawful successors
of those that were the church's fathers: not those that sit in
their chairs, and bear their names, but those that tread in their
steps; this is the line of succession, which holds, notwithstanding
interruptions. It seems, then, those were most loud and forward to
call Abraham father that had least title to the honours and
privileges of his children. Thus those have most reason to call
Christ Father, not that bear his name in being Christians in
profession, but that tread in his steps.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p13">II. It was before the giving of the law,
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p13.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.13-Rom.4.16" parsed="|Rom|4|13|4|16" passage="Ro 4:13-16"><i>v.</i> 13-16</scripRef>. The
former observation is levelled against those that confined
justification to the circumcision, this against those that expected
it by the law; now the promise was made to Abraham long before the
law. Compare <scripRef id="Rom.v-p13.2" osisRef="Bible:Gal.3.17-Gal.3.18" parsed="|Gal|3|17|3|18" passage="Ga 3:17,18">Gal. iii. 17,
18</scripRef>. Now observe,</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p14">1. What that promise was—<i>that he should
be the heir of the world,</i> that is, of the land of Canaan, the
choicest spot of ground in the world,—or the father of many
nations of the world, who sprang from him, besides the
Israelites,—or the heir of the comforts of the life which now is.
The meek are said to <i>inherit the earth,</i> and the world is
theirs. Though Abraham had so little of the world in possession,
yet he was heir of it all. Or, rather, it points at Christ, the
seed here mentioned; compare <scripRef id="Rom.v-p14.1" osisRef="Bible:Gal.3.16" parsed="|Gal|3|16|0|0" passage="Ga 3:16">Gal. iii.
16</scripRef>, <i>To thy seed, which is Christ.</i> Now Christ is
the heir of the world, the ends of the earth are his possession,
and it is in him that Abraham was so. And it refers to that promise
(<scripRef id="Rom.v-p14.2" osisRef="Bible:Gen.12.3" parsed="|Gen|12|3|0|0" passage="Ge 12:3">Gen. xii. 3</scripRef>), <i>In thee
shall all the families of the earth be blessed.</i></p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p15">2. How it was made to him: <i>Not through
the law, but through the righteousness of faith. Not through the
law,</i> for that was not yet given: but it was upon that believing
which was counted to him for righteousness; it was upon his
trusting God, in his leaving his own country when God commanded
him, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p15.1" osisRef="Bible:Heb.11.8" parsed="|Heb|11|8|0|0" passage="Heb 11:8">Heb. xi. 8</scripRef>. Now, being
by faith, it could not be by the law, which he proves by the
opposition there is between them (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p15.2" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.14-Rom.4.15" parsed="|Rom|4|14|4|15" passage="Ro 4:14,15"><i>v.</i> 14, 15</scripRef>): <i>If those who are of
the law be heirs;</i> that is, those, and those only, and they by
virtue of the law (the Jews did, and still do, boast that they are
the rightful heirs of the world, because to them the law was
given), then <i>faith is made void;</i> for, if it were requisite
to an interest in the promise that there should be a perfect
performance of the whole law, then the promise can never take its
effect, nor is it to any purpose for us to depend upon it, since
the way to life by perfect obedience to the law, and spotless
sinless innocency, is wholly blocked up, and the law in itself
opens no other way. This he proves, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p15.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.15" parsed="|Rom|4|15|0|0" passage="Ro 4:15"><i>v.</i> 15</scripRef>. <i>The law worketh
wrath</i>—wrath in us to God; it irritates and provokes that
carnal mind which is enmity to God, as the damming up of a stream
makes it swell—wrath in God against us. It works this, that is, it
discovers it, or our breach of the law works it. Now it is certain
that we can never expect the inheritance by a law that worketh
wrath. How the law works wrath he shows very concisely in the
latter part of the verse: <i>Where no law is there is no
transgression,</i> an acknowledged maxim, which implies, Where
there is a law there is transgression and that transgression is
provoking, and so the law worketh wrath.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p16">3. Why the promise was made to him by
faith; for three reasons, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.16" parsed="|Rom|4|16|0|0" passage="Ro 4:16"><i>v.</i>
16</scripRef>. (1.) <i>That it might be by grace,</i> that grace
might have the honour of it; <i>by grace, and not by the law; by
grace, and not of debt, nor of merit;</i> that <i>Grace, grace,</i>
might be cried to every stone, especially to the top-stone, in this
building. Faith hath particular reference to grace granting, as
grace hath reference to faith receiving. <i>By grace,</i> and
therefore <i>through faith,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.2" osisRef="Bible:Eph.2.8" parsed="|Eph|2|8|0|0" passage="Eph 2:8">Eph.
ii. 8</scripRef>. For God will have every crown thrown at the feet
of grace, free grace, and every song in heaven sung to that tune,
<i>Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name be the
praise.</i> (2.) <i>That the promise might be sure.</i> The first
covenant, being a covenant of works, was not sure: but, through
man's failure, the benefits designed by it were cut off; and
therefore, the more effectually to ascertain and ensure the
conveyance of the new covenant, there is another way found out,
<i>not by works</i> (were it so, the promise would not be sure,
because of the continual frailty and infirmity of the flesh),
<i>but by faith,</i> which receives all from Christ, and acts in a
continual dependence upon him, as the great trustee of our
salvation, and in whose keeping it is safe. The covenant is
therefore sure, because it is so well ordered in all things,
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.3" osisRef="Bible:2Sam.23.5" parsed="|2Sam|23|5|0|0" passage="2Sa 23:5">2 Sam. xxiii. 5</scripRef>. (3.)
<i>That it might be sure to all the seed.</i> If it had been <i>by
the law,</i> it had been limited to the Jews, <i>to whom pertained
the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law</i>
(<scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.4" osisRef="Bible:Rom.9.4" parsed="|Rom|9|4|0|0" passage="Ro 9:4"><i>ch.</i> ix. 4</scripRef>); but
therefore it was by faith that Gentiles as well as Jews might
become interested in it, the spiritual as well as the natural seed
of faithful Abraham. God would contrive the promise in such a way
as might make it most extensive, to comprehend all true believers,
that circumcision and uncircumcision might break no squares; and
for this (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.5" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.17" parsed="|Rom|4|17|0|0" passage="Ro 4:17"><i>v.</i> 17</scripRef>) he
refers us to <scripRef id="Rom.v-p16.6" osisRef="Bible:Gen.17.5" parsed="|Gen|17|5|0|0" passage="Ge 17:5">Gen. xvii. 5</scripRef>,
where the reason of the change of his name from <i>Abram—a high
father, to Abraham—the high father of a multitude,</i> is thus
rendered: <i>For a father of many nations have I made thee;</i>
that is, all believers, both before and since the coming of Christ
in the flesh, should take Abraham for their pattern, and call him
<i>father.</i> The Jews say Abraham was the father of all
proselytes to the Jewish religion. <i>Behold, he is the father of
all the world, which are gathered under the wings of the Divine
Majesty.</i>—Maimonides.</p>
</div><scripCom id="Rom.v-p16.7" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.17-Rom.4.22" parsed="|Rom|4|17|4|22" passage="Ro 4:17-22" type="Commentary"/><div class="Commentary" id="Bible:Rom.4.17-Rom.4.22">
<h4 id="Rom.v-p16.8">The Case of Abraham. (<span class="smallcaps" id="Rom.v-p16.9">a.
d.</span> 58.)</h4>
<p class="passage" id="Rom.v-p17">17b—Before him whom he believed, <i>even</i>
God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not
as though they were.   18 Who against hope believed in hope,
that he might become the father of many nations, according to that
which was spoken, So shall thy seed be.   19 And being not
weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was
about a hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sara's womb:
  20 He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief;
but was strong in faith, giving glory to God;   21 And being
fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to
perform.   22 And therefore it was imputed to him for
righteousness.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p18">Having observed when Abraham was justified
by faith, and why, for the honour of Abraham and for example to us
who call him father, the apostle here describes and commends the
faith of Abraham, where observe,</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p19">I. Whom he believed: <i>God who
quickeneth.</i> It is God himself that faith fastens upon: <i>other
foundation can no man lay.</i> Now observe what in God Abraham's
faith had an eye to—to that, certainly, which would be most likely
to confirm his faith concerning the things promised:—1. <i>God
who quickeneth the dead.</i> It was promised that he should be
<i>the father of many nations,</i> when he and his wife were now as
good as dead (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p19.1" osisRef="Bible:Heb.11.11-Heb.11.12" parsed="|Heb|11|11|11|12" passage="Heb 11:11,12">Heb. xi. 11,
12</scripRef>), and therefore he looks upon God as a God that could
breathe life into dry bones. He that quickeneth the dead can do any
thing, can give a child to Abraham when he is old, can bring the
Gentiles, who are <i>dead in trespasses and sins,</i> to a divine
and spiritual life, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p19.2" osisRef="Bible:Eph.2.1" parsed="|Eph|2|1|0|0" passage="Eph 2:1">Eph. ii.
1</scripRef>. Compare <scripRef id="Rom.v-p19.3" osisRef="Bible:Eph.1.19-Eph.1.20" parsed="|Eph|1|19|1|20" passage="Eph 1:19,20">Eph. i. 19,
20</scripRef>. 2. <i>Who calleth things which are not as though
they were;</i> that is, creates all things by the word of his
power, as in the beginning, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p19.4" osisRef="Bible:Gen.1.3 Bible:2Cor.4.6" parsed="|Gen|1|3|0|0;|2Cor|4|6|0|0" passage="Ge 1:3,2Co 4:6">Gen.
i. 3; 2 Cor. iv. 6</scripRef>. The justification and salvation of
sinners, the espousing of the Gentiles that had not been a people,
were a gracious calling of things which are not as though they
were, giving being to things that were not. This expresses the
sovereignty of God and his absolute power and dominion, a mighty
stay to faith when all other props sink and totter. It is the holy
wisdom and policy of faith to fasten particularly on that in God
which is accommodated to the difficulties wherewith it is to
wrestle, and will most effectually answer the objections. It is
faith indeed to build upon the all-sufficiency of God for the
accomplishment of that which is impossible to anything but that
all-sufficiency. Thus Abraham became <i>the father of many nations
before him whom he believed,</i> that is, in the eye and account of
God; or <i>like him whom he believed;</i> as God was a common
Father, so was Abraham. It is by faith in God that we become
accepted of him, and conformable to him.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p20">II. How he believed. He here greatly
magnifies the strength of Abraham's faith, in several expressions.
1. <i>Against hope, he believed in hope,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.18" parsed="|Rom|4|18|0|0" passage="Ro 4:18"><i>v.</i> 18</scripRef>. There was a hope against him, a
natural hope. All the arguments of sense, and reason, and
experience, which in such cases usually beget and support hope,
were against him; no second causes smiled upon him, nor in the
least favoured his hope. But, against all those inducements to the
contrary, he believed; for he had a hope for him: <i>He believed in
hope,</i> which arose, as his faith did, from the consideration of
God's all-sufficiency. <i>That he might become the father of many
nations.</i> Therefore God, by his almighty grace, enabled him thus
to believe against hope, that he might pass for a pattern of great
and strong faith to all generations. It was fit that he who was to
be the father of the faithful should have something more than
ordinary in his faith—that in him faith should be set in its
highest elevation, and so the endeavours of all succeeding
believers be directed, raised, and quickened. Or this is mentioned
as the matter of the promise that he believed; and he refers to
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.2" osisRef="Bible:Gen.15.5" parsed="|Gen|15|5|0|0" passage="Ge 15:5">Gen. xv. 5</scripRef>, <i>So shall thy
seed be,</i> as the stars of heaven, so innumerable, so
illustrious. This was that which he believed, when it was counted
to him for righteousness, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.6" parsed="|Rom|4|6|0|0" passage="Ro 4:6"><i>v.</i>
6</scripRef>. And it is observable that this particular instance of
his faith was <i>against hope,</i> against the surmises and
suggestions of his unbelief. He had just before been concluding
hardly that he should go childless, that one born in his house was
his heir (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.4" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.2-Rom.4.3" parsed="|Rom|4|2|4|3" passage="Ro 4:2,3"><i>v.</i> 2, 3</scripRef>);
and this unbelief was a foil to his faith, and bespeaks it a
believing against hope. 2. <i>Being not weak in faith, he
considered not his own body,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.5" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.19" parsed="|Rom|4|19|0|0" passage="Ro 4:19"><i>v.</i> 19</scripRef>. Observe, His own body was now
dead—become utterly unlikely to beget a child, though the new life
and vigour that God gave him continued after Sarah was dead,
witness his children by Keturah. When God intends some special
blessing, some child of promise, for his people, he commonly puts a
sentence of death upon the blessing itself, and upon all the ways
that lead to it. Joseph must be enslaved and imprisoned before he
be advanced. But Abraham did not consider this, <b><i>ou
katenoese</i></b>—<i>he did not dwell in his thoughts upon it.</i>
He said indeed, <i>Shall a child be born to him that is a hundred
years old?</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.6" osisRef="Bible:Gen.17.17" parsed="|Gen|17|17|0|0" passage="Ge 17:17">Gen. xvii.
17</scripRef>. But that was the language of his admiration and his
desire to be further satisfied, not of his doubting and distrust;
his faith passed by that consideration, and thought of nothing but
the faithfulness of the promise, with the contemplation whereof he
was swallowed up, and this kept up his faith. <i>Being not weak in
faith, he considered not.</i> It is mere weakness of faith that
makes a man lie poring upon the difficulties and seeming
impossibilities that lie in the way of a promise. Though it may
seem to be the wisdom and policy of carnal reason, yet it is the
weakness of faith, to look into the bottom of all the difficulties
that arise against the promise. 3. <i>He staggered not at the
promise of God through unbelief</i> (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.7" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.20" parsed="|Rom|4|20|0|0" passage="Ro 4:20"><i>v.</i> 20</scripRef>), and he therefore staggered not
because he considered not the frowns and discouragements of second
causes; <b><i>ou diekrithe</i></b>—<i>he disputed not;</i> he did
not hold any self-consultation about it, did not take time to
consider whether he should close with it or no, did not hesitate
nor stumble at it, but by a resolute and peremptory act of his
soul, with a holy boldness, ventured all upon the promise. He took
it not for a point that would admit of argument or debate, but
presently determined it as a ruled case, did not at all hang in
suspense about it: he <i>staggered not through unbelief.</i>
Unbelief is at the bottom of all our staggerings at God's promises.
It is not the promise that fails, but our faith that fails when we
stagger. 4. He <i>was strong in faith, giving glory to God,</i>
<b><i>enedynamothe</i></b>—<i>he was strengthened</i> in faith,
his faith <i>got ground by exercise—crescit eundo.</i> Though weak
faith shall not be rejected, the bruised reed not broken, the
smoking flax not quenched, yet strong faith shall be commended and
honoured. The strength of his faith appeared in the victory it won
over his fears. And hereby he gave glory to God; for, as unbelief
dishonours God by making him a liar ( <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.8" osisRef="Bible:1John.5.10" parsed="|1John|5|10|0|0" passage="1Jo 5:10">1 John v. 10</scripRef>), so faith honours God by
setting to its seal that he is true, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.9" osisRef="Bible:John.3.33" parsed="|John|3|33|0|0" passage="Joh 3:33">John iii. 33</scripRef>. Abraham's faith gave God the
glory of his wisdom, power, holiness, goodness, and especially of
his faithfulness, resting upon the word that he had spoken. Among
men we say, "He that trusts another, gives him credit, and honours
him by taking his word;" thus Abraham gave glory to God by trusting
him. We never hear our Lord Jesus commending any thing so much as
great faith (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.10" osisRef="Bible:Matt.8.10 Bible:Matt.15.28" parsed="|Matt|8|10|0|0;|Matt|15|28|0|0" passage="Mt 8:10,15:28">Matt. viii. 10 and
xv. 28</scripRef>): therefore God gives honour to faith, great
faith, because faith, great faith, gives honour to God. 5. He was
<i>fully persuaded that what God had promised he was able to
perform,</i> <b><i>plerophoretheis</i></b>—<i>was carried on with
the greatest confidence</i> and assurance; it is a metaphor taken
from ships that come into the harbour with full sail. Abraham saw
the storms of doubts, and fears, and temptations likely to rise
against the promise, upon which many a one would have shrunk back,
and lain by for fairer days, and waited a smiling gale of sense and
reason. But Abraham, having taken God for his pilot, and the
promise for his card and compass, resolves to weather his point,
and like a bold adventurer sets up all his sails, breaks through
all the difficulties, regards neither winds nor clouds, but trusts
to the strength of his bottom and the wisdom and faithfulness of
his pilot, and bravely makes to the harbour, and comes home an
unspeakable gainer. Such was his full persuasion, and it was built
on the omnipotence of God: <i>He was able.</i> Our waverings rise
mainly from our distrust of the divine power; and therefore to fix
us it is requisite we believe not only that he is faithful, but
that he is able, that hath promised. <i>And therefore it was
imputed to him for righteousness,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p20.11" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.22" parsed="|Rom|4|22|0|0" passage="Ro 4:22"><i>v.</i> 22</scripRef>. Because with such a confidence
he ventured his all in the divine promise, God graciously accepted
him, and not only answered, but out-did, his expectation. This way
of glorifying God by a firm reliance on his bare promise was so
very agreeable to God's design, and so very conducive to his
honour, that he graciously accepted it as a righteousness, and
justified him, though there was not that in the thing itself which
could merit such an acceptance. This shows why faith is chosen to
be the prime condition of our justification, because it is a grace
that of all others gives glory to God.</p>
</div><scripCom id="Rom.v-p20.12" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.23-Rom.4.25" parsed="|Rom|4|23|4|25" passage="Ro 4:23-25" type="Commentary"/><div class="Commentary" id="Bible:Rom.4.23-Rom.4.25">
<h4 id="Rom.v-p20.13">The Case of Abraham. (<span class="smallcaps" id="Rom.v-p20.14">a.
d.</span> 58.)</h4>
<p class="passage" id="Rom.v-p21">23 Now it was not written for his sake alone,
that it was imputed to him;   24 But for us also, to whom it
shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our
Lord from the dead;   25 Who was delivered for our offences,
and was raised again for our justification.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p22">In the close of the chapter, he applies all
to us; and, having abundantly proved that Abraham was justified by
faith, he here concludes that his justification was to be the
pattern or sampler of ours: <i>It was not written for his sake
alone.</i> It was not intended only for an historical commendation
of Abraham, or a relation of something peculiar to him (as some
antipædobaptists will needs understand that circumcision was a
<i>seal of the righteousness of the faith,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p22.1" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.11" parsed="|Rom|4|11|0|0" passage="Ro 4:11"><i>v.</i> 11</scripRef>, only to Abraham himself, and no
other); no, the scripture did not intend hereby to describe some
singular way of justification that belonged to Abraham as his
prerogative. The accounts we have of the Old-Testament saints were
not intended for histories only, barely to inform and divert us,
but for precedents to direct us, for ensamples (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p22.2" osisRef="Bible:1Cor.10.11" parsed="|1Cor|10|11|0|0" passage="1Co 10:11">1 Cor. x. 11</scripRef>) for <i>our learning,</i>
<scripRef id="Rom.v-p22.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.15.4" parsed="|Rom|15|4|0|0" passage="Ro 15:4"><i>ch.</i> xv. 4</scripRef>. And this
particularly concerning Abraham was written <i>for us also,</i> to
assure us what that righteousness is which God requireth and
accepteth to our salvation,—for us also, that are man and vile,
that come so far short of Abraham in privileges and performances,
us Gentiles as well as the Jews, for the blessing of Abraham comes
upon the Gentiles through Christ,—for us on whom the ends of the
world are come, as well as for the patriarchs; for the grace of God
is the same yesterday, to-day, and for ever. His application of it
is but short. Only we may observe,</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p23">I. Our common privilege; it shall be
imputed to us, that is, righteousness shall. The gospel way of
justification is by an imputed righteousness, <b><i>mellei
logizesthai</i></b>—<i>it shall be imputed;</i> he uses a future
verb, to signify the continuation of this mercy in the church, that
as it is the same now so it will be while God has a church in the
world, and there are any of the children of men to be justified;
for there is a fountain opened that is inexhaustible.</p>
<p class="indent" id="Rom.v-p24">II. Our common duty, the condition of this
privilege, and that is believing. The proper object of this
believing is a divine revelation. The revelation to Abraham was
concerning a Christ to come; the revelation to us is concerning a
Christ already come, which difference in the revelation does not
alter the case. Abraham believed the power of God in raising up an
Isaac from the dead womb of Sarah; we are to believe the same power
exerted in a higher instance, the resurrection of Christ from the
dead. The resurrection of Isaac was in a figure (<scripRef id="Rom.v-p24.1" osisRef="Bible:Heb.11.19" parsed="|Heb|11|19|0|0" passage="Heb 11:19">Heb. xi. 19</scripRef>); the resurrection of Christ was
real. Now we are to believe on him that raised up Christ; not only
believe his power, that he could do it, but depend upon his grace
in raising up Christ as our surety; so he explains it, <scripRef id="Rom.v-p24.2" osisRef="Bible:Rom.4.25" parsed="|Rom|4|25|0|0" passage="Ro 4:25"><i>v.</i> 25</scripRef>, where we have a brief
account of the meaning of Christ's death and resurrection, which
are the two main hinges on which the door of salvation turns. 1. He
was <i>delivered for our offences.</i> God the Father delivered
him, he delivered up himself as a sacrifice for sin. He died indeed
as a malefactor, because he died for sin; but it was not his own
sin, but the sins of the people. He died to make atonement for our
sins, to expiate our guilt, to satisfy divine justice. 2. He was
<i>raised again for our justification,</i> for the perfecting and
completing of our justification. By the merit of his death he paid
our debt, in his resurrection he took out our acquittance. When he
was buried he lay a prisoner in execution for our debt, which as a
surety he had undertaken to pay; on the third day an angel was sent
to roll away the stone, and so to discharge the prisoner, which was
the greatest assurance possible that divine justice was satisfied,
the debt paid, or else he would never have released the prisoner:
and therefore the apostle puts a special emphasis on Christ's
resurrection; it is Christ that died, <i>yea, rather that has risen
again,</i> <scripRef id="Rom.v-p24.3" osisRef="Bible:Rom.8.34" parsed="|Rom|8|34|0|0" passage="Ro 8:34"><i>ch.</i> viii.
34</scripRef>. So that upon the whole matter it is very evident
that we are not justified by the merit of our own works, but by a
fiducial obediential dependence upon Jesus Christ and his
righteousness, as the condition on our part of our right to
impunity and salvation, which was the truth that Paul in this and
the foregoing chapter had been fixing as the great spring and
foundation of all our comfort.</p>
</div></div2>