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<p>We have here an exposition of the third commandment, which we are the more concerned right to understand, because it is particularly said, that <i>God will not hold him guiltless</i>, however he may hold himself, who breaks this commandment, by <i>taking the name of the Lord in vain</i>. Now as to this command,</p>
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<p class="tab-1">I. It is agreed on all hands that it forbids perjury, forswearing, and the violation of oaths and vows, <a class="bibleref" title="Matt.5.33" href="/passage/?search=Matt.5.33">Matt. 5:33</a>. This was said to them of old time, and is the true intent and meaning of the third commandment. <i>Thou shalt not</i> use, or <i>take up, the name of God</i> (as we do by an oath) <i>in vain</i>, or <i>unto vanity</i>, or <i>a lie</i>. He <i>hath not lift up his soul unto vanity</i>, is expounded in the next words, <i>nor sworn deceitfully</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.24.4" href="/passage/?search=Ps.24.4">Ps. 24:4</a>. Perjury is a sin condemned by the light of nature, as a complication of impiety toward God and injustice toward man, and as rendering a man highly obnoxious to the divine wrath, which was always judged to follow so infallibly upon that sin, that the forms of swearing were commonly turned into execrations or imprecations; as that, <i>God do so to me, and more also</i>; and with us, <i>So help me God</i>; wishing I may never have any help from God, if I swear falsely. Thus, by the consent of nations, have men cursed themselves, not doubting but that God would curse them, if they lied against the truth then, when they solemnly called God to witness to it.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">It is added, from some other scriptures, <i>but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Num.30.2" href="/passage/?search=Num.30.2">Num. 30:2</a>); which may be meant, either, 1. Of those promises to which God is a party, vows made to God; these must be punctually paid (<a class="bibleref" title="Eccl.5.4,Eccl.5.5" href="/passage/?search=Eccl.5.4,Eccl.5.5"><span class="bibleref" title="Eccl.5.4">Eccl. 5:4</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Eccl.5.5">5</span></a>): or, 2. Of those promises made to our brethren, to which God was a Witness, he being appealed to concerning our sincerity; these must be <i>performed to the Lord</i>, with an eye to him, and for his sake: for to him, by ratifying the promises with an oath, we have made ourselves debtors; and if we break a promise so ratified, <i>we have not lied unto men</i> only, <i>but unto God</i>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">II. It is here added, that the commandment does not only forbid false swearing, but all rash, unnecessary swearing: <i>Swear not at all</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Matt.5.34,Jas.5.12" href="/passage/?search=Matt.5.34,Jas.5.12"><span class="bibleref" title="Matt.5.34">Matt. 5:34</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Jas.5.12">Jas. 5:12</span></a>. Not that all swearing is sinful; so far from that, if rightly done, it is a part of religious worship, and we in it <i>give unto God the glory due to his name</i>. See <a class="bibleref" title="Deut.6.13,Deut.10.20,Isa.45.23,Jer.4.2" href="/passage/?search=Deut.6.13,Deut.10.20,Isa.45.23,Jer.4.2"><span class="bibleref" title="Deut.6.13">Deut. 6:13</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Deut.10.20">10:20</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Isa.45.23">Isa. 45:23</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Jer.4.2">Jer. 4:2</span></a>. We find Paul confirming what he said by such solemnities (<a class="bibleref" title="2Cor.1.23" href="/passage/?search=2Cor.1.23">2 Cor. 1:23</a>), when there was a necessity for it. In swearing, we pawn the truth of something known, to confirm the truth of something doubtful or unknown; we appeal to a greater knowledge, to a higher court, and imprecate the vengeance of a righteous Judge, if we swear deceitfully.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">Now the mind of Christ in this matter is,</p>
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<p class="tab-1">1. That we must <i>not swear at all</i>, but when we are duly called to it, and justice or charity to our brother, or respect to the commonwealth, make it necessary for <i>the end of strife</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Heb.6.16" href="/passage/?search=Heb.6.16">Heb. 6:16</a>), of which necessity the civil magistrate is ordinarily to be the judge. We may be sworn, but we must now swear; we may be adjured, and so obliged to it, but we must not thrust ourselves upon it for our own worldly advantage.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">2. That we must not swear lightly and irreverently, in common discourse: it is a very great sin to make a ludicrous appeal to the glorious Majesty of heaven, which, being a sacred thing, ought always to be very serious: it is a gross profanation of God’s holy name, and of one of the holy things which the <i>children of Israel sanctify to the Lord</i>: it is a sin that has no cloak, no excuse for it, and therefore a sign of a graceless heart, in which enmity to God reigns: <i>Thine enemies take thy name in vain</i>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">3. That we must in a special manner avoid promissory oaths, of which Christ more particularly speaks here, for they are oaths that are to be performed. The influence of an affirmative oath immediately ceases, when we have faithfully discovered the truth, and the whole truth; but a promissory oath binds so long, and may be so many ways broken, by the surprise as well as strength of a temptation, that it is not to be used but upon great necessity: the frequent requiring and using of oaths, is a reflection upon Christians, who should be of such acknowledged fidelity, as that their sober words should be as sacred as their solemn oaths.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">4. That we must not swear by any other creature. It should seem there were some, who, in civility (as they thought) to the name of God, would not make use of that in swearing, but would swear <i>by heaven or earth, etc</i>. This Christ forbids here (<a class="bibleref" title="Matt.5.34" href="/passage/?search=Matt.5.34">Matt. 5:34</a>) and shows that there is nothing we can swear by, but it is some way or other related to God, who is the Fountain of all beings, and therefore that it is as dangerous to swear by them, as it is to swear by God himself: it is the verity of the creature that is laid at stake; now that cannot be an instrument of testimony, but as it has regard to God, who is the <i>summum verum—the chief Truth</i>. As for instance,</p>
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<p class="tab-1">(1.) <i>Swear not by the heaven</i>; “As sure as there is a heaven, this is true;” <i>for it is God’s throne</i>, where he resides, and in a particular manner manifests his glory, as a Prince upon his throne: this being the inseparable dignity of the upper world, you cannot <i>swear by heaven</i>, but you swear by God himself.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">(2.) <i>Nor by the earth, for it is his footstool</i>. He governs the motions of this lower world; as he rules in heaven, so he rules over the earth; and though under his feet, yet it is also under his eye and care, and stands in relation to him as his, <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.24.1" href="/passage/?search=Ps.24.1">Ps. 24:1</a>. <i>The earth is the Lord’s</i>; so that in swearing by it, you swear by its Owner.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">(3.) <i>Neither by Jerusalem</i>, a place for which the Jews had such a veneration, that they could not speak of any thing more sacred to <i>swear by</i>; but beside the common reference Jerusalem has to God, as part of the earth, it is in special relation to him, <i>for it is the city of the great King</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Ps.48.2" href="/passage/?search=Ps.48.2">Ps. 48:2</a>), <i>the city of God</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Ps.46.4" href="/passage/?search=Ps.46.4">Ps. 46:4</a>), he is therefore interested in it, and in every oath taken by it.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">(4.) “<i>Neither shalt thou swear by the head</i>; though it be near thee, and an essential part of thee, yet it is more God’s than thine; for he made it, and formed all the springs and powers of it; whereas thou thyself canst not, from any natural intrinsic influence, change the colour of <i>one hair</i>, so as to make <i>it white or black</i>; so that thou canst not <i>swear by thy head</i>, but thou swearest by him who is the <i>Life of thy head</i>, and <i>the Lifter up of it</i>.” <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.3.3" href="/passage/?search=Ps.3.3">Ps. 3:3</a>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">5. That therefore in all our communications we must content ourselves with, <i>Yea, yea</i>, and <i>nay, nay</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Matt.5.37" href="/passage/?search=Matt.5.37">Matt. 5:37</a>. In ordinary discourse, if we affirm a thing, let us only say, <i>Yea</i>, it is so; and, if need be, to evidence our assurance of a thing, we may double it, and say, <i>Yea, yea</i>, indeed it is so: <i>Verily, verily</i>, was our Saviour’s <i>yea, yea</i>. So if we deny a thing, let is suffice to say, No; or if it be requisite, to repeat the denial, and say, No, no; and if our fidelity be known, that will suffice to gain us credit; and if it be questioned, to back what we say with swearing and cursing, is but to render it more suspicious. They who can <i>swallow</i> a profane oath, will not <i>strain at a</i> lie. It is a pity that this, which Christ puts in the mouths of all his disciples, should be fastened, as a name of reproach, upon a sect faulty enough other ways, when (as Dr. Hammond says) we are not forbidden any more than <i>yea</i> and <i>nay</i>, but are in a manner directed to the use of that.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">The reason is observable; <i>For whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil</i>, though it do not amount to the iniquity of an oath. It comes <b><i>ek tou Diabolou</i></b>; so an ancient copy has it: it comes <i>from the Devil</i>, the evil one; it comes from the corruption of men’s nature, from passion and vehemence; from a reigning vanity in the mind, and a contempt of sacred things: it comes from that deceitfulness which is in men, <i>All men are liars</i>; therefore men use these protestations, because they are distrustful one of another, and think they cannot be believed without them. Note, Christians should, for the credit of their religion, avoid not only that which is in itself evil, but <i>that which cometh of evil</i>, and has <i>the appearance of</i> it. That may be suspected as a bad thing, which comes from a bad cause. An oath is physic, which supposes a disease.</p>
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