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<p>The laws contained in the first three chapters seem to have been delivered to Moses at one time. Here begin the statutes of another session, another day. From the throne of glory between the cherubim God delivered these orders. And he enters now upon a subject more strictly new than those before. Burnt-offerings, meat-offerings, and peace-offerings, it should seem, had been offered before the giving of the law upon mount Sinai; those sacrifices the patriarchs had not been altogether unacquainted with (<a class="bibleref" title="Gen.8.20,Exod.20.24" href="/passage/?search=Gen.8.20,Exod.20.24"><span class="bibleref" title="Gen.8.20">Gen. 8:20</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Exod.20.24">Exod. 20:24</span></a>), and in them they had respect to sin, to make atonement for it, <a class="bibleref" title="Job.1.5" href="/passage/?search=Job.1.5">Job 1:5</a>. But the law being now added <i>because of transgressions</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Gal.3.19" href="/passage/?search=Gal.3.19">Gal. 3:19</a>), and having entered, that eventually <i>the offence might abound</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Rom.5.20" href="/passage/?search=Rom.5.20">Rom. 5:20</a>), they were put into a way of making atonement for sin more particularly by sacrifice, which was (more than any of the ceremonial institutions) <i>a shadow of good things to come</i>, but the substance is Christ, and that one offering of himself by which he put away sin and <i>perfected for ever those who are sanctified</i>.</p>
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<p class="tab-1">I. The general case supposed we have, <a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.2" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.2">Lev. 4:2</a>. Here observe, 1. Concerning sin in general, that it is described to be against <i>any of the commandments of the Lord</i>; for <i>sin is the transgression of the law</i>, the divine law. The wits or wills of men, their inventions or their injunctions, cannot make that to be sin which the law of God has not made to be so. It is said likewise, <i>if a soul sin</i>, for it is not sin if it be not some way or other the soul’s act; hence it is called the <i>sin of the soul</i> (<a class="bibleref" title="Mic.6.7" href="/passage/?search=Mic.6.7">Mic. 6:7</a>), and it is the soul that is injured by it, <a class="bibleref" title="Prov.8.36" href="/passage/?search=Prov.8.36">Prov. 8:36</a>. 2. Concerning the sins for which those offerings were appointed. (1.) They are supposed to be overt acts; for, had they been required to bring a sacrifice for every sinful thought or word, the task had been endless. Atonement was made for those in the gross, on the day of expiation, once a year; but these are said to be done against the commandments. (2.) They are supposed to be sins of commission, things which ought not to be done. Omissions are sins, and must come into judgment; but what had been omitted at one time might be done at another, and so to obey was better than sacrifice: but a commission was past recall. (3.) They are supposed to be sins committed through ignorance. If they were done presumptuously, and with an avowed contempt of the law and the Law-maker, the offender was to be cut off, and there remained <i>no sacrifice for the sin</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Heb.10.26,Heb.10.27,Num.15.30" href="/passage/?search=Heb.10.26,Heb.10.27,Num.15.30"><span class="bibleref" title="Heb.10.26">Heb. 10:26</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Heb.10.27">27</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Num.15.30">Num. 15:30</span></a>. But if the offender were either ignorant of the law, as in divers instances we may suppose many were (so numerous and various were the prohibitions), or were surprised into the sin unawares, the circumstances being such as made it evident that his resolution against the sin was sincere, but that he was overtaken in it, as the expression is (<a class="bibleref" title="Gal.6.1" href="/passage/?search=Gal.6.1">Gal. 6:1</a>), in this case relief was provided by the remedial law of the sin-offering. And the Jews say, “Those crimes only were to be expiated by sacrifice, if committed ignorantly, for which the criminal was to have been cut off if they had been committed presumptuously.”</p>
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<p class="tab-1">II. The law begins with the case of the anointed priest, that is, the high priest, provided he should sin through ignorance; for <i>the law made men priests who had infirmity</i>. Though his ignorance was of all others least excusable, yet he was allowed to bring his offering. His office did not so far excuse his offence as that it should be forgiven him without a sacrifice; yet it did not so far aggravate it but that it should be forgiven him when he did bring his sacrifice. If he sin <i>according to the sin of the people</i> (so the case is put, <a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.3" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.3">Lev. 4:3</a>), which supposes him in this matter to stand upon the level with other Israelites, and to have no benefit of his clergy at all. Now the law concerning the sin-offering for the high priest is, 1. That he must bring a bullock without blemish for a sin-offering (<a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.3" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.3">Lev. 4:3</a>), as valuable an offering as that for the whole congregation (<a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.14" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.14">Lev. 4:14</a>); whereas for any other ruler, or a common person, <i>a kid of the goats</i> should serve, <a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.23,Lev.4.28" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.23,Lev.4.28"><span class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.23">Lev. 4:23</span>, <span class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.28">28</span></a>. This intimated the greatness of the guilt connected with the sin of a high priest. The eminency of his station, and his relation both to God and to the people, greatly aggravated his offences; see <a class="bibleref" title="Rom.2.21" href="/passage/?search=Rom.2.21">Rom. 2:21</a>. 2. The hand of the offerer must be laid upon the head of the offering (<a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.4" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.4">Lev. 4:4</a>), with a solemn penitent confession of the sin he had committed, putting it upon the head of the sin-offering, <a class="bibleref" title="Lev.16.21" href="/passage/?search=Lev.16.21">Lev. 16:21</a>. No remission without confession, <a class="bibleref" title="Ps.32.5,Prov.28.13" href="/passage/?search=Ps.32.5,Prov.28.13"><span class="bibleref" title="Ps.32.5">Ps. 32:5</span>; <span class="bibleref" title="Prov.28.13">Prov. 28:13</span></a>. It signified also a confidence in this instituted way of expiating guilt, as a figure of something better yet to come, which they could not stedfastly discern. He that laid his hand on the head of the beast thereby owned that he deserved to die himself, and that it was God’s great mercy that he would please to accept the offering of this beast to die for him. The Jewish writers themselves say that neither the sin-offering nor the trespass-offering made atonement, except for those that repented and believed in their atonement. 3. The bullock must be killed, and a great deal of solemnity there must be in disposing of the blood; for it was <i>the blood that made atonement</i>, and <i>without shedding of blood</i> there was <i>no remission</i>, <a class="bibleref" title="Lev.4.5-Lev.4.7" href="/passage/?search=Lev.4.5-Lev.4.7">Lev. 4:5-7</a>. Some of the blood of the high-priest’s sin-offering was to be <i>sprinkled seven times before the veil</i>, with an eye towards the mercy-seat, though it was veiled: some of it was to be put upon the horns of the golden altar, because at that altar the priest himself ministered; and thus was signified the putting away of that pollution which from his sins did cleave to his services. It likewise serves to illustrate the influence which Christ’s satisfaction has upon the prevalency of his intercession. The blood of his sacrifice is put upon the altar of his incense and sprinkled before the Lord. When this was done the remainder of the blood was poured at the foot of the brazen altar. By this rite, the sinner acknowledged that he deserved to have his blood thus poured out like water. It likewise signified the pouring out of the soul before God in true repentance, and typified our Saviour’s <i>pouring out his soul unt
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